tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38019549246119786212024-03-05T05:12:11.818-08:00Briefbuch 2.0Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger37125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-45162942609143710162018-04-07T01:17:00.000-07:002018-04-07T01:17:01.979-07:00Robey likes to dance<div class="post_title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: Gibson, "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 47px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“I have good and well been called to the honours of presiding over a savvy company, on the first beautiful day I forget my dignity and I run to gambol with the farmer’s women of your neighbourhood. But since rumour, which publishes the bad much sooner than the good, has educated you on the very day of this fatal secret, do at least close it up within yourself. […] Allow, that my fugacious reign goes by without me having to blush before the eyes of my comrades, that on that day when I have to appear publicly at the head of this company, I will be allowed to endorse my task with dignity, and that in the midst of the seriousness of the function people will see me fulfill, no one will be able to say: he has been dancing at the village fair of Late.” </i></div>
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Maximilien Robespierre to Ferdinand Dubois-Fosseux, on October, 28<sup style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">th </sup>(?) 1786. Cited after Hervé Leuwers.</div>
<figure class="tmblr-full" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 20px -20px 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img class="" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/2a34ef1c64afa62ad37ac21ba09ae3f0/tumblr_inline_ojd2rsGGwx1ta9upk_540.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 100%; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 540px;" /></figure><div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 20px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
I did not find a village named “Late” - with this very orthography. However, when searching “Dubois-Fosseux’s neighbourhood” - meaning the area around the very small village of Fosseux, near Arras, I found a town named Lattre-St. Quentin, short Lattre. The town’s homepage informs us that the site consisted of two large properties (”ferme”), of which one, the less imposing, had belonged in the 17th century to a family “Cornu”, which happens to be the maiden name of Robespierre’s grandmother on the maternal side. And indeed, the information continues:</div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Maximilien Robespierre, lawyer in Arras, came playing in lattre during his childhood. He spent his holidays at his grand-mother’s at the hamlet of Bel-Avesnes”</i> (<a href="https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Flattresaintquentin.fr%2Fla-commune%2Fhistoire-et-patrimoine%2Fun-peu-dhistoire%2F&t=MTI4NWNmNzQyZGQxNWY1ZDI1YTdlOGIzZDQ4MjhiZGVjMjkzMjk2YixrUDFXYWpHNQ%3D%3D&b=t%3Az4KFfP2YD_7PE_UYBAlrNQ&p=https%3A%2F%2Fvaleria-lagrimas.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F128725841561%2Frobey-likes-to-dance&m=1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.25) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Source</a>)</div>
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Obviously, Robespierre continued to visit Lattre as an adult, too, for a weekend’s vacation or a rural dance.</div>
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In the letter, he uses the term “ducasse”, which I translated as “village fair”. However, “ducasse” is the northern French term for “dedication”, meaning the dedication of a church and annual festivals in honour to the patron saint. St. Quentin’s saint’s day is celebrated on 31st October, which fits the datation of the letter, given that a ducasse lasted several days.</div>
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It was, to bring things to a full circle, no other than Philippe Lebas, the son of Robespierre’s revolutionary friends, who dedicated an entry to the northern French “ducasse” in his universal encyclopedia. See the entry on <a href="https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TtK0LMXV4YC%26pg%3DPA728%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&t=YmZlODIxMjE3M2RhMzRhYjRlY2I4MGU4MjkzYTMzYWZlZWVjMjNmYixrUDFXYWpHNQ%3D%3D&b=t%3Az4KFfP2YD_7PE_UYBAlrNQ&p=https%3A%2F%2Fvaleria-lagrimas.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F128725841561%2Frobey-likes-to-dance&m=1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.25) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Google books</a>.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-10270751411715806252018-04-07T01:16:00.002-07:002018-04-07T01:16:07.746-07:00<div class="reblog-title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: Gibson, "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 47px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
A testimony of lover’s misunderstanding, by Saint-Just</div>
<div class="reblog-content" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">She arrived with very slow steps. She came in, embraced him, squeezed his hand. He reproached her softly her long absence and her silence. She answered nothing. He led her by his hand, and, arrived at his apartment, he offered her the most tender caresses. She smiled and did not utter a word. They both lied down on a bed, she tasted not pleasure but took great part in that of her friend. She placed her hands around the skin of his body, she crossed her legs on his legs. He asked her whether she did not love him anymore. She kissed him and kept a deep silence. “Let me open your mouth”, he added, “with a kiss.” She smiled. Afterwards he made her a reproach for not having written to him. “I had to come”, she answered – “Previously, when you came you brought me several letters.” She answered nothing. “I will leave you”, he says. She does not say a word. “Why are you so sad?” – “Because you told me that you will leave me.” – “You were sad before.” She says nothing. “But”, he added, “Whereby will we end? We will have to part, you do not think about the future.” – “I have stopped thinking about it. I do not know why. It seems to me that I will always find you here.” – “You become indifferent, but why such sadness?” – “You want me to follow you, I could never resolve myself to that. I will promise it in order to bind you to your advancement. We will see afterwards, but I could never resolve myself to that, this is what pains me, I think about it all the time.” – “In that case let us forget each other immediately. Go, cheer up. When we have to part one day, let us spare us more regrets. Adieu, I will have another woman and I will bring you my little children, you will love them like your own.” – “No”, she screamed, “I do not want to.” She burst out in tears while she kept hugging him many times. “Let us get over our weakness”, he carried on, and he repeated to her that he would take another woman which would be like her and that would bring her his little children. “You see how I know how to take my side. I would take it as well if you were unfaithful. Are you not jealous?” – “No.” – “Do you love me?” – “Yes, I love you.” – “Well, we have to forget each other, to part and not to see each other again.” She cries. He did not hesitate to show her that he loved her still the same, he made her promise to visit him the day after tomorrow, she took the secret of her sadness with her. When she got out, she felt rather calm and she went. She had promised her friend to tell him a lot of things. She had written so much of it to her friend, and when he asked her to she did not answer. On the go he told her: “Three things bother you, what you confided to me formerly.” She wanted to know [some words unreadable]. He led her out and they embraced tenderly.</i></div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">He said to himself: “Either she does not trust me or she is jealous or she has an intention that she does not dare to tell me.” </i></div>
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Saint-Just wrote this text at an unknown date, perhaps in the winter of the year II. It has been published together with the Institutions répubicaines. I have translated the version that Bernard Vinot quotes, which is, however, hugely edited and does not display Saint-Just’s unique spelling and punctuation. On the other hand, that means that the text (and above all, the dialogue) is comprehensible.</div>
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Whether the text is autobiographical or not, remains unclear. Many of Saint-Just’s biographers, however, claim that it may be autobiographical and speculate on the woman’s identity. Could it be Thérèse Gellé-Thorin?</div>
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However, if anyone knows more about this piece of literature, I would be happy to learn.</div>
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Thank you. I guess it is quite certain that Thérèse had at some point a relation with Saint-Just. As a letter by Thullier, Saint-Just’s friend from Blérancourt, indicates, when Thérèse left her husband Thorin in 1793 and went to Paris, people in Blérancourt guessed she had eloped with Saint-Just (which was not the case). If the woman is Thérèse and the text is autobiographical, my guess would be that it could be written or reminiscent of some time before Saint-Just’s departure for Paris in 1792, since he seems to be leaving for a longer or definite period. But that is speculation.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-4248387746460215952018-04-07T01:10:00.002-07:002018-04-07T01:10:14.871-07:00Vile comparison<div class="post_media" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 13px 0px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<a class="photoset_photo rapid-noclick-resp" data-enable-lightbox="1" data-photoset-index="1" href="https://78.media.tumblr.com/14a555d3a43076216b09481aa562fd7d/tumblr_nxef8cl60P1ud7ktlo1_400.jpg" id="photoset_link_132666352191_1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="" data-pin-description="Titbits of a Living Person" data-pin-url="https://valeria-lagrimas.tumblr.com/post/132666352191/in-his-memoirs-barére-recalls-the-following" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/14a555d3a43076216b09481aa562fd7d/tumblr_nxef8cl60P1ud7ktlo1_400.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: -43px 0px 0px; max-width: none; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 268px;" /></a><a class="photoset_photo rapid-noclick-resp" data-enable-lightbox="1" data-photoset-index="2" href="https://78.media.tumblr.com/89f3c5fd3400ffbd41a6226424a38293/tumblr_nxef8cl60P1ud7ktlo2_1280.jpg" id="photoset_link_132666352191_2" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="" data-pin-description="Titbits of a Living Person" data-pin-url="https://valeria-lagrimas.tumblr.com/post/132666352191/in-his-memoirs-barére-recalls-the-following" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/89f3c5fd3400ffbd41a6226424a38293/tumblr_nxef8cl60P1ud7ktlo2_400.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: none; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 268px;" /></a></div>
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In his memoirs, Barére recalls the following incident:</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-top: 15px; min-height: 1px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Robespierre, talking of [Saint-Just] in the Comité, said familiarly and in a way to talk about your closest friends: ‘Saint-Just is taciturn and observant, but I have noticed, as for his looks, he has much resemblance with Charles IX [French king 1560-1574].’ That did not much blandish Saint-Just, who was more profound and more able to revolutionise than was Robespierre.”</span></i></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-49390536317389538542018-04-07T01:06:00.001-07:002018-04-07T01:06:30.609-07:00Philippe Lebas fils<div class="post_media " style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 13px 0px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<a class="post_media_photo_anchor rapid-noclick-resp high_res_link no_pop" data-big-photo="https://78.media.tumblr.com/6944bca7b68da4fce3432026f92e58d3/tumblr_nxxddclCLX1ud7ktlo1_1280.jpg" href="https://valeria-lagrimas.tumblr.com/image/133355541236" id="high_res_link_133355541236" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="post_media_photo image" data-pin-description="Titbits of a Living Person" data-pin-url="https://valeria-lagrimas.tumblr.com/post/133355541236/gervais-simon-exh-1812-1817-philologist" height="660" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/6944bca7b68da4fce3432026f92e58d3/tumblr_nxxddclCLX1ud7ktlo1_540.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 660px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 540px;" width="540" /></a><a class="photo_exif_flipper" href="https://www.tumblr.com/blog/valeria-lagrimas#" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background: url("/images/dashboard_master_sprite.png") -500px -130px no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 17px; left: 9px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.5; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none; transition: opacity 0.1s linear; vertical-align: baseline; width: 16px; z-index: 15;" title="Show EXIF data"></a></div>
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<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gervais Simon (exh. 1812-1817) “Philologist Philippe Le Bas”, ca. 1820</span></div>
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Painted about 1820 (the sitter appears to be ca. 25 years of age), it is a rare (possibly also unique, for we were unable to find any other on the Web) miniature portrait of well-known French philologist and specialist in Classics, Philippe Le Bas (1794-1860). He was the son of famous French revolutionary, member of the National Convention, and follower of Robespierre, Philippe-Joseph Le Bas (1764-1794). <br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none 0px;" />Philippe Le Bas remained especially known to historians as tutor of future Emperor Napoleon III (between 1821 and 1823 he oversaw the latter’s scholarly performance at St. Anna Gymnasium for Humanities in Augsburg). <br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none 0px;" />From 1844 to 1860 he was Director of the Library of Sorbonne. From 1838 he was also a member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. In 1858 he became the Director of Institute de France. </div>
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<a href="https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilnitsky.com%2Fscripts%2Fredgallery1.dll%2Fdetails%3FNo%3D37237&t=ZmQ2YWRkMTliNjMxODIyYTQ3NTdhNjRhZjU5ZThhOTE3OTY2OTFiNCxwb25xbnE0dQ%3D%3D&b=t%3Az4KFfP2YD_7PE_UYBAlrNQ&p=https%3A%2F%2Fvaleria-lagrimas.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F133355541236%2Fgervais-simon-exh-1812-1817-philologist&m=1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.25) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">source</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-40549444065488107402018-04-07T00:56:00.000-07:002018-04-07T00:56:11.110-07:00Aro Ace Goddesses<div class="post_media" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 13px 0px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<a class="photoset_photo rapid-noclick-resp" data-enable-lightbox="1" data-photoset-index="3" href="https://78.media.tumblr.com/fbe4e91d7e8e5b24776a7a2d6cb29ed3/tumblr_o8ehq2tE741vwtzeqo3_250.jpg" id="photoset_link_145858844511_3" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="" data-pin-description="The Cake and Ice Cream" data-pin-url="https://thecakeandicecream.tumblr.com/post/145857212635/aro-ace-female-greek-deities-the-ancient-greek" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/fbe4e91d7e8e5b24776a7a2d6cb29ed3/tumblr_o8ehq2tE741vwtzeqo3_250.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: none; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 540px;" /></a></div>
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Aro ace female Greek deities</h2>
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The ancient Greek mythology knows several goddesses or god-like ladies who refused to be a subject to Aphrodite, goddess of love. They aimed at living independently and as eternal virgins. Of course, this was due to the generally inferior role women played in ancient Greece: for a woman, to be independent, celibacy was required. This was even true for goddesses. Still, many goddesses remained powerful despite being wifes and mothers. Thus, the decision to remain single and celibate was partly a choice based upon what today may count as aromantic asexuality. Then, it was dubbed as “their hearts being immune to Aphrodite”. The best known of them, and the most powerful of virginal goddesses, were Hestia, Athena, and Artemis. Of course, it is impossible to really say they were “aromantic” and/or “asexual”. Pre-modern societies simply did not think that way. However, I try to “update” their lifes. It’s for fun, obviously. </div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hestia</span> is one of the oldest deities on Mount Olympus. She is a daughter of Cronus, and hence a sister to Zeus. At an early age she decides to reject offers on marriage and remain single. Furthermore, she rejects Aphrodite’s values of fliurting, love and sleeping around to become a chaste guardian of the hearth. This roles sounds very oncool by today’s standards, but in fact, this made her one of the most important and most worshipped deities. The hearth, the fireplace, was considered the very center of society and life. It was the material symbol of nourishment and warmth without which no social coherence was possible. Because of this importance, Hestia became the guardian not only of domestic peace, but of political peace as well, even at Mount Olympus. Still, despite her importance (which increased in her Roman equivalent, Vesta), she was not very visible among the Olympian deities. She was more like the older sister whom everyone loves but noone really cares about unless she is not there anymore. </div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Athena</span> is Hestia’s niece, being a daughter to Zeus. She is maybe the nerd among the Olympic deities, the goddess of science, mathematics, knowledge, wisdom, arts and crafts, inspiration and skill, as well as law and justice, civilization, and war strategy. Nowadays, she may have loved strategy games… This chill puts her in contrast to her brother ares, the god of warfare, who may have preferred splatter shooting games. With her very moderate temper, rationality and philosophy, but sense of justice and morality, the cool Athena presented the human ideal of ancient Athenians and became the patron of their polis. She remained single and a devoted virgin, which added to her credits and earned her the nickname of <i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Athena Parthenos, </i>the maiden Athena. Of course, the Athenian’s prudemorals of female sexuality played into that. too. However, like many virgin deities on Mount Olympus, male deities tried to rape her. Once, an assault by Hephaestus failed, the accidentally impregnated the soil instead of Athena, and Erichthonios was born (it was complicated…). He was handed over to Athena by Gaia, the “Earth”, and tried to find him a home. When that failed, Athena herself became his foster mother. How cool is that?</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Artemis</span> may be the best-known aro ace goddess, and a symbol at that, since her main attribute is the arrow, which she really aced… She is Athena’s half-sister, the goddess of the wild animals, hunting, hunting, the untamed nature, but also of childbirth, of women and their diseases, and of the young girls. Artemis may or may not have been in love with Orion, a fellow hunter. However, when he became too eager, killing off all the wild animals, she arranged for him to be bitten to death by a scorpio. Many male gods tried to win her heart, and as we are talking about Greek mythology, they did so by traing to rape her. Clever Artemis anticipated their schemes and successfully escaped every time. She was surrounded by a bunch of nymphes and forest fairies of all kind who, like her, preferred to remain single. Well, it did not always work out. Some of them fell in love, others were “convinced” through rape. However, Artemis all-too-often turned out to be not a good ally, or maybe it was her father’s spitefulness shining through. While she saved her companion Arethusa, who was threatened with rape, her other companion, Callisto, was raped by Artemis’ father Zeus in the disguise of Artemis herself. When Callisto’s resulting pregnancy became known, the furious Artemis transformed her into a bear. Polyphonte got it worse: a dedicated aro-ace, she infuriated Aphrodite who wanted her to fulfill her female duties of, well, pleasing men and bearing children. She cast a spell over her which compelled Polyphonte to become sexually attracted to bears, which disgusted Artemis so much that she stirred the wild animals against her. Polyphonte, fearing for her life, was forced to leave Artemis.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-9844370993733785682018-04-07T00:33:00.000-07:002018-04-07T00:33:03.564-07:00Christmas in Siberia<div class="post_media " style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 13px 0px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<a class="post_media_photo_anchor rapid-noclick-resp high_res_link no_pop" data-big-photo="https://78.media.tumblr.com/050d60d594416b3b1b83afdc52c62ef9/tumblr_o9h33eBPJL1ud7ktlo1_1280.jpg" href="https://valeria-lagrimas.tumblr.com/image/146595923241" id="high_res_link_146595923241" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="post_media_photo image" data-pin-description="Titbits of a Living Person" data-pin-url="https://valeria-lagrimas.tumblr.com/post/146595923241/the-new-years-party-18981899-celebrated-by" height="316" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/050d60d594416b3b1b83afdc52c62ef9/tumblr_o9h33eBPJL1ud7ktlo1_540.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 316px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 540px;" width="540" /></a><a class="photo_exif_flipper" href="https://www.tumblr.com/blog/valeria-lagrimas#" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background: url("/images/dashboard_master_sprite.png") -500px -130px no-repeat transparent; border: 0px; bottom: 8px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 17px; left: 9px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 0.5; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-decoration-line: none; transition: opacity 0.1s linear; vertical-align: baseline; width: 16px; z-index: 15;" title="Show EXIF data"></a></div>
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The New Year’s party 1898/1899 celebrated by banned social democrats in Minusjnsk, Siberia. Among the guests were Lenin and Krupskaya. The other names I cannot decipher. </div>
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Krupskaya wrote about the party:</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“We thoroughly enjoyed ourselves during the holidays in Minusjnsk and had a break that will last us for a long time. At Christmas almost the whole district was in town, so we saw the New Year in very pleasantly at a big party. When the company broke up everyone was saying “A wonderful New Year’s party!” The main thing was the splendid mood. We mulled some wine; when it was ready we put the hands of the clock at “12” and saw the old year out in proper style, everybody sang whatever he could and some fine toasts were pronounced - we drank ’To Mothers”, “To Absent Friends”, and so on, and in the end danced to a guitar. One of the comrades draws well and he has promised to draw some of the outstanding scenes of the New Year’s party - If he keeps his promise you will get a very good idea of our New Year’s eve. Altogether it was a real holiday.” </i>(January 10th 1899, to Lenin’s mother)</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-top: 15px; min-height: 1px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“ First of all, let me tell you how we spent Christmas. We had a wonderful time. All the people from the district came into town, most of them for three or four days. There are very few of us in Shushenskoye and it was very pleasant to be among people. We now know everybody in the district. We had a real festive time - went skating. I was laughed at, but since Minusjnsk I have made progress. Volodya learned a lot of figures in Minusjnsk and he now amazes the Shushenskoye public with his “giant steps” and "Spanish leaps”. Another amusement was chess. People played literally from morning to night. Only Zina and I did not play. But even I caught the infection and played once against a poor player and checkmated him. Then we sang, in Polish and Russian. V.V. has a guitar and so we sang to guitar accompaniment. We also did some reciting and talked to our heart’s content. Best of all was our New Year’s party (Volodya, incidentally, was tossed, it was the first time I had seen that performance and I had a good laugh).”</i> (January 24th 1899 to Lenin’s sister Maria)</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-70871662523418019922018-04-07T00:21:00.000-07:002018-04-07T00:21:07.341-07:00Danton's family in portraits<div class="post_media" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 13px 0px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<a class="photoset_photo rapid-noclick-resp" data-enable-lightbox="1" data-photoset-index="1" href="https://78.media.tumblr.com/6fc7ceb4c2a07364faedbdda32c33651/tumblr_ohi21zOfOS1ud7ktlo3_400.png" id="photoset_link_153899259456_1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="" data-pin-description="Titbits of a Living Person" data-pin-url="https://valeria-lagrimas.tumblr.com/post/153899259456/some-portraits-of-danton-and-his-family-found" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/6fc7ceb4c2a07364faedbdda32c33651/tumblr_ohi21zOfOS1ud7ktlo3_400.png" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: none; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 540px;" /></a></div>
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<a class="photoset_photo rapid-noclick-resp" data-enable-lightbox="1" data-photoset-index="2" href="https://78.media.tumblr.com/f8f437e46305ceb4f40e823fc5465950/tumblr_ohi21zOfOS1ud7ktlo6_400.png" id="photoset_link_153899259456_2" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="" data-pin-description="Titbits of a Living Person" data-pin-url="https://valeria-lagrimas.tumblr.com/post/153899259456/some-portraits-of-danton-and-his-family-found" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/f8f437e46305ceb4f40e823fc5465950/tumblr_ohi21zOfOS1ud7ktlo6_400.png" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: none; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 268px;" /></a><a class="photoset_photo rapid-noclick-resp" data-enable-lightbox="1" data-photoset-index="3" href="https://78.media.tumblr.com/d85a963a7133f95ca7f6372732f8f2b7/tumblr_ohi21zOfOS1ud7ktlo5_400.png" id="photoset_link_153899259456_3" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="" data-pin-description="Titbits of a Living Person" data-pin-url="https://valeria-lagrimas.tumblr.com/post/153899259456/some-portraits-of-danton-and-his-family-found" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/d85a963a7133f95ca7f6372732f8f2b7/tumblr_ohi21zOfOS1ud7ktlo5_400.png" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: -21px 0px 0px; max-width: none; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 268px;" /></a></div>
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<a class="photoset_photo rapid-noclick-resp" data-enable-lightbox="1" data-photoset-index="4" href="https://78.media.tumblr.com/996e5df7dcdfab5833e2e593daa0e534/tumblr_ohi21zOfOS1ud7ktlo2_400.png" id="photoset_link_153899259456_4" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px !important; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="" data-pin-description="Titbits of a Living Person" data-pin-url="https://valeria-lagrimas.tumblr.com/post/153899259456/some-portraits-of-danton-and-his-family-found" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/996e5df7dcdfab5833e2e593daa0e534/tumblr_ohi21zOfOS1ud7ktlo2_250.png" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: -6px 0px 0px; max-width: none; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 177px;" /></a><a class="photoset_photo rapid-noclick-resp" data-enable-lightbox="1" data-photoset-index="5" href="https://78.media.tumblr.com/c9d6da8395ef0abc4681217db35086a0/tumblr_ohi21zOfOS1ud7ktlo1_500.png" id="photoset_link_153899259456_5" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="" data-pin-description="Titbits of a Living Person" data-pin-url="https://valeria-lagrimas.tumblr.com/post/153899259456/some-portraits-of-danton-and-his-family-found" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/c9d6da8395ef0abc4681217db35086a0/tumblr_ohi21zOfOS1ud7ktlo1_250.png" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: none; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 178px;" /></a><a class="photoset_photo rapid-noclick-resp" data-enable-lightbox="1" data-photoset-index="6" href="https://78.media.tumblr.com/7d730a247803a9f160eb9e625a1a18f0/tumblr_ohi21zOfOS1ud7ktlo4_400.png" id="photoset_link_153899259456_6" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 4px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="" data-pin-description="Titbits of a Living Person" data-pin-url="https://valeria-lagrimas.tumblr.com/post/153899259456/some-portraits-of-danton-and-his-family-found" src="https://78.media.tumblr.com/7d730a247803a9f160eb9e625a1a18f0/tumblr_ohi21zOfOS1ud7ktlo4_250.png" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: -3px 0px 0px; max-width: none; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 177px;" /></a></div>
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Some portraits of Danton and his family, found <a href="https://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fmichel.schoettel.pagesperso-orange.fr%2FPage_P60e.htm&t=N2ZiZmZmNTQ0NGU2MWY1ZDZkNzcwZjUzNmIwMzBhOTQzNmEyZDhhYSw1QlVpbVJ6cg%3D%3D&b=t%3Az4KFfP2YD_7PE_UYBAlrNQ&p=https%3A%2F%2Fvaleria-lagrimas.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F153899259456%2Fsome-portraits-of-danton-and-his-family-found&m=1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.25) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">here</a>.</div>
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1st row: Georges-Jacques Danton, by some Gueuze (?)</div>
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2nd row: Danton’s mother, Jeanne Madeleine Recordain (1729-1813), with one of her grandsons, by Jean Baptiste Isabey – Danton’s older sister, Anne Madeleine Menuel (1755-1802), by Jean Louis Laneuville</div>
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3rd row: Danton’s first wife, Gabrielle Antoinette Charpentier (1760-1793), by Jacques Louis David – Danton’s second wife, Sébastienne Louise Gély (1776-1856), by Antoine Louis Sergent – Danton’s son, Antoine Danton (1790-1858), by an unknown painter.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-77279772516682049422017-09-15T02:15:00.005-07:002017-09-15T02:15:52.069-07:00<div class="photo-wrapper" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 3px 3px 0px 0px; color: #444444; display: table; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; overflow: hidden; text-align: center; width: 500px;">
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<a href="https://femmesenrevolution.tumblr.com/image/151788541285" style="display: block; outline: 0px;"><img alt="Part 6: Allons Enfants de la Patrie: military women Although the military is traditionally considered a men’s place, and fighting and warfare a male occupation, there have always been women in the military. Of course, there are myths of armed women,..." height="502" src="https://68.media.tumblr.com/82f592408b89e1497ea27022c9060a2e/tumblr_o7boe86hgE1v31ehfo1_1280.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 500px;" width="1000" /></a></div>
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Part 6: Allons Enfants de la Patrie: military women</h2>
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Although the military is traditionally considered a men’s place, and fighting and warfare a male occupation, there have always been women in the military. Of course, there are myths of armed women, the Amazons. But the female participation in warfare goes beyond that. Women were involved in several ways, in wartime, many women accompanied soldiers as wifes, sisters and daughters, worked as sutlers, cooks, laundresses or prostitutes. In some cases, warfare was a real “family business”, and wifes would take over their husbands’ arms when they fell. It was only with the emergence of the modern nation state that women were excluded entirely from the military life (until, of course, they were again accepted as soldiers). During the French Revolution, things were complicated. On the one hand, the pre-modern female participation persisted, on the other hand, the government tried to exclude women from the military as much as possible. Additionally, there were women who demanded that the citizens’ right to bear arms and fight the enemies of the revolution should be applied to women, too. Thus, not many women took part in military struggles, but there were women throughout the Revolution and even Napoleonic times. Some were sisters, daughter or wifes of soldiers and accompanied their family in order to be provided for. Some took up arms for reasons of revolutionary conviction, and others participated occasionally in militias and the National Guard. </div>
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Marie-Thérèse Figueur, also “Madame Sans-Gêne” (1774 – 1861), soldier, fought in several battles during the Republic (Toulon) and Napoleonian times. <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMarie-Th%25C3%25A9r%25C3%25A8se_Figueur&t=YjY2OGViZGIxMmY3ODQ4NDVlY2Y2ZTk5ZmUwOTQ5NjhmMGFlNTc0ZSxKY25GNVlzUQ%3D%3D&b=t%3AL8bOu1u559kJc2AIbaZUug&p=https%3A%2F%2Ffemmesenrevolution.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F151788541285%2Fpart-6-allons-enfants-de-la-patrie-military&m=1" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">Here</a> is her Wikipedia entry, and <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fanglophone-direct.com%2Fmarie-therese-figueur%2F&t=YWVhZjUyMzI1NjVmN2YxNjIxNzIyNjY5NDQwNWY1MTA3NjYzYjVlMCxKY25GNVlzUQ%3D%3D&b=t%3AL8bOu1u559kJc2AIbaZUug&p=https%3A%2F%2Ffemmesenrevolution.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F151788541285%2Fpart-6-allons-enfants-de-la-patrie-military&m=1" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a> her portrait. </div>
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Marie Charpentier-Haucourt, laundress, one of the “Vainqueurs de la Bastille”.</div>
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Marie Chevalier, received a pension by the Constituante for being a “vainqueur de la Bastille”.</div>
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Marie-Françoise Willaume, active in the taking of the Bastille.</div>
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Marguerite Pinigre-Vener, helped to munition the canon of the National Guard during the taking of the Bastille.</div>
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Marie-Jeanne Schellinck (1757 – 1840), was a Belgian soldier who fought in the French Revolution, first disguised as man, but eventually as woman. She was a corporal, later a sergeant and a sub-lieutenant. <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMarie_Schellinck&t=ZGMxNGI0MDEwMzFiYzY1ZTU3MWI1Zjc2ZTMyNjM5ZDNjMTk1NGMyMixKY25GNVlzUQ%3D%3D&b=t%3AL8bOu1u559kJc2AIbaZUug&p=https%3A%2F%2Ffemmesenrevolution.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F151788541285%2Fpart-6-allons-enfants-de-la-patrie-military&m=1" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">Here</a> is her Wikipedia entry and here her portrait. </div>
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Anne Quatresols, enlisted in the cavalry at the age of thirteen, distinguished herself by brilliance and obtained a collection in her honour by the Jacobins.</div>
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Madeleine Petitjean, mother of 17 children, she disguised as man and fought in the Vendéen army, was captured by royalists but released and obtained a gratification by the Convention. </div>
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Marie-Félicité-Louise Fernig (1770 - 1841), daughter, sister and later wife of a military, she joined the revolutionary army at a young age alongside her sister, disguised as man. They were noticed by Dumouriez and fought in the Battle of Valmy. Involved in Dumouriez’ treachery, the were forbidden to return to France until 1802, but lived in Bruxelles afterwards, were Félicité was married. Her and her sister’s Wikipedia entry is <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FS%25C5%2593urs_Fernig&t=MzAwNmRmMjdjODc5OGYxYWQ3ZGFiYTRhMDFmZmRjMjQ1ZjQ4NGM0ZCxKY25GNVlzUQ%3D%3D&b=t%3AL8bOu1u559kJc2AIbaZUug&p=https%3A%2F%2Ffemmesenrevolution.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F151788541285%2Fpart-6-allons-enfants-de-la-patrie-military&m=1" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a>.</div>
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Marie-Françoise-Théophile-Robertine Fernig (1775 - 1819), daughter and sister of a military, she joined the revolutionary army at a young age alongside her sister, disguised as man. They were noticed by Dumouriez and fought in the Battle of Valmy. Involved in Dumouriez’ treachery, the were forbidden to return to France until 1802, but lived in Bruxelles afterwards, were Théophile died unmarried. Her and her sister’s Wikipedia entry is <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FS%25C5%2593urs_Fernig&t=MzAwNmRmMjdjODc5OGYxYWQ3ZGFiYTRhMDFmZmRjMjQ1ZjQ4NGM0ZCxKY25GNVlzUQ%3D%3D&b=t%3AL8bOu1u559kJc2AIbaZUug&p=https%3A%2F%2Ffemmesenrevolution.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F151788541285%2Fpart-6-allons-enfants-de-la-patrie-military&m=1" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a>. </div>
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Angélique Drulon, fought as a soldier in the Revolutionary war, was member of the Légion d’honneur</div>
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Françoise Rouelle, qui fit partie des engagés volontaires d’août 1792, combattit à Spire, à Mayence, à Landau.</div>
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Marie Angélique Duchemin-Brûlon (1772-1859), was the daughter, sister and wife of soldiers in the revolutionary army. When her father and husband fell in 1792, she decided to take up arms. She was soon promoted corporal, later sergent and sous-lieutenant. Due to a severe wound, she had to stop fighting but was admitted to the hôtel des Invalides, where she remained until her death. She was the first woman to be admitted in the hôtel des Invalides and to receive the Croix d’Honneur, by Napoleon III. Here is her Wikipedia <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAng%25C3%25A9lique_Br%25C3%25BBlon&t=YmNkODE4NDQ1NWE5MWM1MTkyMGZkNDc3NWU2Yzk4YzdmZWZiZmY2MyxKY25GNVlzUQ%3D%3D&b=t%3AL8bOu1u559kJc2AIbaZUug&p=https%3A%2F%2Ffemmesenrevolution.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F151788541285%2Fpart-6-allons-enfants-de-la-patrie-military&m=1" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">entry</a> and <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fpatches-the-shipcat.dreamwidth.org%2Ftag%2Fmarie%2Bang%25C3%25A9lique%2Bjoseph%2Bduchemin%2Bbrulon%2Bf&t=Yjk1ZTUxNmFhMzQ3M2ZhZDFkMDJkMWNjODc4MDEwMTM0OWJlNDE4ZSxKY25GNVlzUQ%3D%3D&b=t%3AL8bOu1u559kJc2AIbaZUug&p=https%3A%2F%2Ffemmesenrevolution.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F151788541285%2Fpart-6-allons-enfants-de-la-patrie-military&m=1" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a> her portrait. </div>
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Manette Dupont, editor of a petition to the Convention that claimed the formation of a defense corps made up of 10000 women, named “Corps Fernig” in honour of the Fernig sisters, and described in detail how this corps would be organised. She was not heard, though.</div>
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Rose Bouillon, wife of a soldier, left her home and two children, dressed as man, to enroll as a volunteer soldier for the defense of the Republic alongside her husband. She remains at her post after his death in battle.</div>
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Mme Favre, wife of a soldier, joins the army as a food supplier when she learns that her husband’s division lacked nearly everything, but ultimately took up arms. She is nominated vice-captain by the gunners. She was captured by German troops, interrogated for military secrets but said nothing. When the Germans decidec she knew no German they released her. Back in France, she could repeat what she had heard in the ennemy camp.</div>
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Mme Communeau, fought the royalist army in the Vendée.</div>
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Marthès, conquered an Austrian standard.</div>
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Ursule Aby, Lieutenant.</div>
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Pélagie Dulière, Sous-lieutenant.</div>
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Catherine Pochetat, Sous-lieutenant, a Paris artist who joined the National Guard and took part in the taking of the Bastille and the Tuileries.</div>
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Degressain, was mutilated in battle.</div>
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Mme Fartier, gunner.</div>
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Ledague, young soldier of 20 years, she asked for permission to return to the army after the Convention prohibited military service for women. Her speech before the Convention was applauded and she enrolled as a volunteer in a Paris batallion.</div>
</figcaption>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-50015151250776747922017-09-15T02:15:00.002-07:002017-09-15T02:15:40.473-07:00<div class="post_media " style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 13px 0px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a class="post_media_photo_anchor rapid-noclick-resp high_res_link no_pop" data-big-photo="https://68.media.tumblr.com/5dc22196c35c7d3454ae4583613710e2/tumblr_o7boaeeape1v31ehfo1_1280.jpg" href="https://femmesenrevolution.tumblr.com/image/165360230130" id="high_res_link_165360230130" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="post_media_photo image" data-pin-description="Bread and Roses" data-pin-url="https://femmesenrevolution.tumblr.com/post/165360230130/part-7-la-citoyenne-du-monde-women-in-the" height="363" src="https://68.media.tumblr.com/5dc22196c35c7d3454ae4583613710e2/tumblr_o7boaeeape1v31ehfo1_540.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 363px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 540px;" width="540" /></a></div>
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Part 7. La Citoyenne du Monde: women in the provinces, women from abroad</h2>
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More often than not, the events of and political activism within the French Revolution are focussed on Paris. While France had been in process of centralisation since the emergence of absolutism, and the French Revolution somewhat furthered this process, the revolution was by no means Paris-based only. The french provinces, far from remaining passive or, as during the civil war, rejecting towards the revolution, played their unique role within the events, and faced theor own obstacles (for instance the royalist and girondin gathering in some provinces).</div>
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Likewise, the French Revolution became a European event even before the wars: intellectuals of all countries discussed the events, political decisions and ideas coming from France, and a good number of intellectuals travelled to France and took an active part in the turmoil themselves. </div>
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Women were among them all the time. This part presents some of them, both in the french provinces and coming to France from abroad. </div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Province</span></i></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Thérèse Caval</span>, (~1750-11.5.1795), Marseille revolutionary, seen as the driving force behind the hanging of a counter-revolutionary woman, murdered during a royalist massacre. See her Wikipedia entry <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTh%25C3%25A9r%25C3%25A8se_Cava&t=YWE5M2Y4YWNlYTUzMDY1OGJhNTgzNjVmNmQyODI4MTZjYjIyNmJjYyx1WHJJdXdvag%3D%3D&b=t%3AL8bOu1u559kJc2AIbaZUug&p=https%3A%2F%2Ffemmesenrevolution.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F165360230130%2Fpart-7-la-citoyenne-du-monde-women-in-the&m=1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.25) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">here</a>.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Élisabeth Taneron, dite la « Fassy »</span>, (d. 11.5.1795), Marseille revolutionary, murdered in prison by royalist forces with her three months old infant, friend of La Caval.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lenormand</span>, from Cany, member of a republican women’s club in 1794 (after the prohibition of political women’s clubs). Speech: <i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Nous savons qu’il y a des héroïnes qui ont eu l’honneur de combattre dans les armées avec nos braves sans-culottes ; imitons leur courage, faisons ce qui dépend de nous pour être utile à la Patrie.”</i> (”We know that there are heroines who had the honor of fighting in the armies with our brave sans-culottes; let’s imitate their courage, let’s do what depends on us to defend the patrie.”)</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mme Yger</span>, from Cany, member of a republican women’s club in 1794 (after the prohibition of political women’s clubs). Speech: <i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Nous sommes faites pour la liberté, elle nous est naturelle. […] Nous saurons manier avec autant de souplesse la massue d’Hercule que pousser l’aiguille, et conduire nos fuseaux.” </i>(”We [women] are made for liberty, it is natural to us. […] we know how to wield Hercules’ club as skillfully as we know how to wield our needle and our spindle.”)</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Leborgne</span>, from Cany, member and president of a republican women’s club in 1794 (after the prohibition of political women’s clubs), made a public speech.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lalouette</span>, from Cany, member of a republican women’s club in 1794 (after the prohibition of political women’s clubs), made a public speech.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Madame Thiefaine</span>, Valogne (Manche): <i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“[about the 1793 Constitution which she generally approves] But there remains to overcome injustices toward my sex that they [the representatives in the Convention] seem deter for all time from all public administration and forbid it even to express its sentiments on the great interests of the patrie.”</i> (She was by far not the only woman to voice this criticism and demand political and voting rights for women; so did the women’s clubs in Beaumont (Dordogne), Nancy, Le Mans and Besançon.)</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Blandin Demoulin</span>, president of the women’s club in Dijon in 1793, </div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none 0px;" /></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Foreigners</span></i></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Anne-Josèphe Thèroigne</span> (1762-1817) was a socialite, singer, orator and organizer in the French Revolution. <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTheroigne_de_Mericourt&t=NmE0Mjg2ZmI2YTllMDAzOGJkZjI5ZjExMWQ2ZWIyOTE1OTc4YWZkZixkT2g0SzRZRw%3D%3D" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.25) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Here</a> is her Wikipedia entry, and <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F7%2F7c%2FTh%25C3%25A9roigne_de_M%25C3%25A9ricourt_par_Jean_Fouquet.jpg%3Fuselang%3Dfr&t=YjNkNjFmOGNiMWJmM2VlZjZhZTBhZGE1NjFkMjA2OTA3YTg4NjUzZCxkT2g0SzRZRw%3D%3D" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.25) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">here</a> her portrait. </div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Etta Lubina Johanna Palm d'Aelders</span> (April 1743 – 28 March 1799) was a Dutch feminist outspoken during the French Revolution. She gave the address <i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Discourse on the Injustice of the Laws in Favour of Men, at the Expense of Women</i> to the French National Convention on 30 December 1790. <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEtta_Palm_d%2527Aelders&t=NmYxOGVlZjZmMDg4YjdmNzExYTE2YmY2MDQyNTIxZmQ1NTAxOTg2ZSx1WHJJdXdvag%3D%3D&b=t%3AL8bOu1u559kJc2AIbaZUug&p=https%3A%2F%2Ffemmesenrevolution.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F165360230130%2Fpart-7-la-citoyenne-du-monde-women-in-the&m=1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.25) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Here</a> is her Wikipedia entry. </div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Caroline Albertina Michaelis-Schelling</span>, (1763-1809) she was a German intellectual who, as a widow and single mother, moved to revolutionary Mainz, which was under French occupation at that time, where she joined political clubs. After the defeat of the revolutionary forces, she was imprisoned for her political beliefs. She ultimately moved to liberal Jena, where she worked as an author and translator, remaining true to her democratic ideas. <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCaroline_Schelling&t=N2M2M2ZkMzhhYjcyM2QyYmQ4YWI3N2M5NWQ3ZjBkNmI0Y2RhNzBmNyx1WHJJdXdvag%3D%3D&b=t%3AL8bOu1u559kJc2AIbaZUug&p=https%3A%2F%2Ffemmesenrevolution.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F165360230130%2Fpart-7-la-citoyenne-du-monde-women-in-the&m=1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.25) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Here</a> is her Wikipedia entry.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Helen Maria Williams</span>, (1759-1827)<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>an english author passinate about the French Revolution, sided with the Girondists and was briefly emprisoned durin terreur, but remained a resident in France for most of her life. Her Wikipedia entry is <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHelen_Maria_Williams&t=NGE4ZDEwYzY2NjhlYTAyNjYyYjFiNDBjMWJmMzlhNDFmMjhiYzhiYyx1WHJJdXdvag%3D%3D&b=t%3AL8bOu1u559kJc2AIbaZUug&p=https%3A%2F%2Ffemmesenrevolution.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F165360230130%2Fpart-7-la-citoyenne-du-monde-women-in-the&m=1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.25) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">here</a>.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mary Wollstonecraft</span>, (1757-1797), author, feminist. She went to revolutionary France as a journalist. She sided with the girondists and welcomed the downfall of the Robespierrists. <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMary_Wollstonecraft&t=M2FhYTBiNWNhM2MzZjAxMTIyMjc1YzNjOWFhM2JiNjYzOWNjN2NjNSx1WHJJdXdvag%3D%3D&b=t%3AL8bOu1u559kJc2AIbaZUug&p=https%3A%2F%2Ffemmesenrevolution.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F165360230130%2Fpart-7-la-citoyenne-du-monde-women-in-the&m=1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.25) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Here</a> is her Wikipedia entry.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-54889278266643642702016-09-01T09:06:00.002-07:002016-09-01T09:06:39.455-07:00<div class="post_media " style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 19.6px; margin: 13px 0px 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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Part 5: Sociétés patriotiques et Révolutionnaires: clubbist women</h2>
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<a class="post_media_photo_anchor rapid-noclick-resp high_res_link no_pop" data-big-photo="https://67.media.tumblr.com/d0d41e84c0e02c1d2ef47e8449014e6c/tumblr_o7bo8jLqLy1v31ehfo1_1280.jpg" href="http://robespierrisme.tumblr.com/image/149797239021" id="high_res_link_149797239021" rel="noopener" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="post_media_photo image" data-pin-description="Bread and Roses" data-pin-url="http://femmesenrevolution.tumblr.com/post/149797220310/part-5-sociétés-patriotiques-et" height="402" src="https://66.media.tumblr.com/d0d41e84c0e02c1d2ef47e8449014e6c/tumblr_o7bo8jLqLy1v31ehfo1_540.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 402px; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 540px;" width="540" /></a></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Although clubs had not been very common in pre-revolutionary France, political associations formed and multiplied fast after 1789. They were not only a means to gather in circles with like-minded persons or networking - important for “junior” politicians in the emerging democratic political society. They also served as arenas for debate and the exertion of influence of citizens that were still deprived of institutionalised politics: passive citizens generally, workers - and of course, women. Most political associations were men-only, but the majority of clubs allowed women in the stand, and women took advantage of this (and were noted for their presence in reports and minutes). Only about ten clubs in Paris and about 20 clubs in the provinces were mixed-gender. Women were allowed to be member, to vote and to be elected to certain offices, but never as a president. The best-known and most egalitarian mixed association was the “Société fraternelle des patriotes de l'un et l'autre sexe”, founded in 1790 and dedicated to the (political) education of the people. The fees were really small, and many of the radical democrats attended this association. Although women were not allowed to become president, the club had usually two female and two male secretaries. It is not clear, to what extend the Cordeliers can be seen as a mixed club. Women certainly had no deliberative or voting rights, but several women claimed to be “members”. Apart from that, women began to found their own all-female clubs since 1790, the most famous being the “Société patriotique et de bienfaisance des amies de la vérité”, initiated by Etta Palm in 1791, and the “Société des citoyennes républicaines révolutionnaires”, commonly dubbed “<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Femmes Républicaines Révolutionnaires”,</i> in 1793. Compared to men’s clubs, there were only few women’s clubs, with relatively few members. However, some of them deployed a vast activity, challenging national politics. The most famous example for that are the Femmes Républicaines Révolutionnaires who, alongside the Enragés (Jacques Roux, Théophlie Leclerc) with whom they were linked, succeeded in pushing through many political claims and were a driving force in the petty bourgeois/sansculotte radicalisation of the Revolution (which is generally often attributed to the Jacobins who were, however, rather moderate themselves). The prohibition of female clubs in autumn 1793 needs to be interpreted in this context, for the struggle between the factions had just begun and the Convention seeked to regain the political control and thus be less vulnerable towards popular uprisings, in which radical women played a crucial role. In 1794, mixed clubs (which were, too, rather popular and more radical then the Convention wished for) were prohibited, too. But it was only in 1795, alongside the ultimate defeat of the Jacobins, that political activities of women were banned generally. </i></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note: There were many political clubs in the provinces in which women organised themselves. In this section, these provincial clubbists are ignored. You find them in the section on women outside Paris.</i></div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></i></div>
<a name='more'></a><i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></i>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Anne-Félicité Colombe</span>, editor, owner of the press „Henri IV“, where Marat and Fréron printed their Newspapers and because of which she was the target of counterrevolutionary attacks several times; prominent member of the Femmes Républicaines Révolutionnaires (FRR).</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Claire Lacombe</span>, also „Red Rosa“, (born in1765), actress, enragée; a militant since 1791, she participated in several journées, and often in a leading position. Regular visitor at the Jacobins and member of the Société fraternelle, she became the co-founder of the FRR in 1793 and was its most prominent member, adressing speeches at the Jacobins 8and being attacked by them). Arrested in 1794, she was liberated in Summer 1795 and resumed her acting career. Her Wikipedia entry can be found <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FClaire_Lacombe&t=MGIxYTA0MTgyNjY3MDIyZTkyOTU1YzkzYWY0M2FmMTkyYjliZjZmYSxkT2g0SzRZRw%3D%3D" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">here</a>, and her presumable picture<a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Funsansculotte.files.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F06%2Ffounders-min-15.jpg&t=YmJjMGI2Yzk4ZjgwYjJmODMwZGY2YjcxYjFiYjBiOGZiMTBlMTcyYyxkT2g0SzRZRw%3D%3D" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">here</a>. </div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Anne-Pauline Léon</span>, (1768 – 1838), chocolate manufacturer in her family’s business, enragée; she was an active militant from the early days on, participating in rallies, journées and section meetings. She was a member at the Cordeliers (?), the Société fraternelle and the popular association of the Luxembourg (a mixed society), when in 1793 she became the co-founder of the FRR. She retired from politcs after the prohibition of the FRR, her marriage to Leclerc and the adoption of her mother’s chocolate factory. Her Wikipedia entry can be found <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPauline_L%25C3%25A9on&t=ZjBhM2RkNGM1ZjAwOGRkODhiMTQ3ZDI2ZmFjZDBhOTY2MTU0M2JkYyxkT2g0SzRZRw%3D%3D" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 0px); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">here</a>. </div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marie Marguerite Barbot</span>, haberdasher, member of the FRR, active in Prairial III.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Constance Evrard</span>, (born in 1768), a militant alongside her neighbour Pauline Léon, she became a member of the FRRand took part in the anti-Girondist journées. </div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marie Madelein Solende/Solande/Solandre/Solange, “Lablonde”</span>, cake seller, member of the FRR, active against the reactionary Convention in spring III.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marie Louise Vitecoque/Vildecoque/Vaudecoque</span>, cake seller, member the FRR, active against the reactionary Convention in spring III.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lecouvreur</span>, member of the FRR, excluded from this club because of her criticism towards Rose Lacombe who was at odds with the Jacobin movement.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Colinger</span>, member of the FRR, and its president in July 1793, excluded in October because of her criticism towards Rose Lacombe.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mme Monic</span>, haberdasher; is said to have declared: “Les femmes sont dignes de gouverner, je dirais presque mieux que les hommes. Je demande que la société [FRR], dans sa sagesse, examine le rang que toutes les femmes doivent tenir en République, et s'il faut continuer à les exclure de toutes les places et administrations.”</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Madame Dubreuil</span>, secreatry of the FRR, criticised the exclusion of women from political ranks, suppposed that those men who favoured this exclusion were “attached to their marital despotism”; later, she criticised Robespierre from a leftist perspective.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Madame Boudray/Baudrais</span>, Lemonade seller, “mother of 27 children”; militant woman, she signed the Champ-de Mars petition in July 1791; in 1793 she was secretary of the Société Fraternelle des Patriotes des Deux Sexes; on 8<sup style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup> Thermidor an 2 present at the Jacobins; her café was the meeting place of the Babouvists.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mme Timbal</span>, member of the Société Fraternelle des Deux Sexes.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mme Wafflard</span>, president of the Assemblée des Républicaines (spring 1793), an ideological predecessor of the FRR.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Anne Rose Berjot</span>, tailor, member of the mixed société de l'Harmonie Sociale, militant Jacobin woman during summer 1793; during Thermidorean reaction, she was chased for being a Jacobine.</div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Marie Martin-Despaveau(x)</span>, (born in 1736), laundress; assisted at the Jacobins daily and was a member of the FRR.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bébiant</span>, member of the Cordliers (?) since its foundation, claimed to be dubbed the Cordeliers’ “aunt”.</div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mme Metrasse</span>, member and regular visitor of the Cordeliers (?).</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-72879808640845798342016-08-18T00:35:00.002-07:002016-08-18T00:35:13.324-07:00<div class="photo-wrapper" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 3px 3px 0px 0px; color: #444444; display: table; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; overflow: hidden; text-align: center; width: 700px;">
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Part 4: Ça ira: popular women</h2>
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<i style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">Finally, a post with more women, but much lesser information of them. This is because many of them are not even known by their real name. Often, these women would occur during an event of the Revolution, or lead a single, isolated protest some time, be noted by police officers who recorded their names, as they understood it upon hearing, and their offense, and then dissappear entirely. Arguably, this was the case for male one-time-rebels, too. Only relatively few sansculotte women and men gained a fame that lasted over several events and years, but even in their case, many would disappear into obscurity after the revolutionary period. Maybe, with the revolutionary government and/or the self-administration of the sections gone, they would loose their benefits granted to them for revolutionary engagement and fall into poverty again. However, in the most cases, we only know the names of these women, and the case in which they became known for something revolutionary (or counter-revolutionary) they were accused of. </i></div>
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<i style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">The list, despite its shortness, shows that it was very usual for women to be employed or run an own small business even after marriage. Several of the women were “liberated” from their husbands through death (being a widow was quite a good way of living these days) or separation. Others shared common ideas with their husbands and rather “worked together” in different fields of action, according to their respective social roles. Finally, many women fought together with their sisters and mothers, sometimes fathers, too. Also, female neighbours and friends played an important role in women’s political action. All in all, the women of the people were networkers and often acted in concert, and in the majority of cases they acted not inside the house, but publicly on the streets. The idea of women completely destitute of rights and acting capacity thus is somewhat indifferent towards the nuances of the limitations and liberties of popular women, and applies arguably better to the situation of bourgeois women, who - surprise - were those to criticise the corseted state they lived in, the only criticism of the female condition we have now, for popular women often were illiterate or semi-literate (able to sign with their name and do every-day scribbeling, but little more). </i></div>
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<i style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">This part owes much to the really worthy book by Dominique Godineau: Citoyennes Tricoteuses. I have most information from this book. However, it covers only sansculotte women in Paris. The actions of women in the provinces are even less known, and will be treated in a following part. Also, the women which operated mainly as members of political clubs, or which became known predominantly through their membership to clubs, will be presented in a following part.</i></div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Louise-Reine Audu</span>, orig. Louise-Renée Leduc, also „Reine des Halles“, fruit seller, one of the leaders of the journée on 5<span style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</span>/6<span style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</span> October 1789; later employee at the Commune de Paris, where she was responsible for the food supply. <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FReine_Audu&t=MTA3NGI0NzY0MjA2YzBiYjI2MjFkZTIxZTA4ZThmM2ZkNWEwMzAzYSxaRHdWYTd0Zg%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">Here</a> is her Wikipedia entry.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Marie-Louise Adbin</span>, veuve Monnard (born 1748), Babouvist, accused in the trial of Babouvists but acquitted.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Jeanne Ansiot-Breton</span>, Babouvist, accused in the trial of Babouvists but acquitted.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Nicole Pognon-Martin</span>, Babouvist, accused in the trial of Babouvists but acquitted.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Marie-Adelaide Lambert</span>, Babouvist, accused in the trial of Babouvists but acquitted.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Marie Anne Victoire Langlet-Babeuf</span> (1757– after 1840), wife of Gracchus Babeuf, she served as a bearer of his pamphlets.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Hardon</span>, signed a petition to the legislative to punish all the traitors, 1792.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Louise-Catherine Vignot</span> “La Charbonnière”, coal loader, took part in the insurrection in Prairial III (May 1795), in which she led a battaillon of about 400 women to the Convention, dressed and armed as a Republican national guard.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Mme Marquet</span>, laundress; laundresses were supporters of the Babouvists.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Mme Vignon</span>, arrested for having distributed insurrectional brochures and newspapers (in March 1795)</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Mme and Mlle Mazurier</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Mme Dubouy/Dubuis</span> “Mère Duchesne”, cook without employment, known at the Jacobins, assisted at every meeting of the revolutionary assemblies. After Thermidor, she was accused of being a “satellite” to Robespierre, keeping him informed about “suspects”. She was also accused to have been present at the revolutionary tribunal, the Commune or the Jacobins regularly and having voiced her opinion loudly and aggressively. She had defendes Robespierre around Thermidor, and later Collot, barére and Billaud. (The name of Mère Duchesne was granted to her - and many other radical women - in police reports.)</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Marie-Jeanne Trumeau-Bertin</span>, fish seller, condamned to be hanged for initiating pillage in the name of the Third Estate during an economic uprising in April 1789</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Mme Léon</span>, mother of Pauline Léon, chocolate manufacturer, took part in the Journée on 17<span style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</span> July 1791</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Barbe Audibert-Sergent</span>, born before 1766, chamber maid, later rented rooms, especially to prostitutes. Was linked to Hébert and acquainted with his wife. Was present at the Jacobins every evening with the women of her quarter. Stirred the people and especially women in Prairial III, incarcerated afterwards. Later, she was close to the babouvists.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Mme Saint-Prix</span>, producer of tools for miniature painters. Associated with the uprising in Spring III, arrested, but later released.</div>
<div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 1em;">
<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">“Mère Duchesne”</span>, anonymous cake seller, constantly present at the Tuileries during the crisis in Mai 1793, where she stirred anti-Girondin sentiments. (The sobriquet was given to her by the author of a police report.)</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Madame Monge and her three daughters</span>, signed in 1793 a petition of radical republicans demanding the compulsory wearing of cocards.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Madame Janisson</span>, defender of Hébert in spring 1794, arrested in Prairial.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Madame Lecreps</span>, Cordelière, voiced her indignation about the Hébertists’ arrest and execution; arrested in Prairial.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Marie Gaillot-Dubois</span>, present at the Jacobins on 8<span style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</span> Thermidor an 2, took part in the uprising on 9<span style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</span>Thermidor</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Marie Françoise Victoire Guillomet-Lance(widow Castel)</span>, (born 1731/32), worker, but in possession of a house. She was a reknown follower of the Jacobins, for which she was arrested in Prairial III.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Mlle Lebrun</span>, proposed to attack the Convention on 9<span style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6; position: relative; top: -0.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">th</span> Thermidor an 2</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Geneviève Antoinette Julie Gauthier</span>, pastry manufacturer in her family’s business, defended, together with her father, Robespierre and his friends on 9 Thermidor, headed a group of women marching to the Convention on 1st Prairial III. Upon the decree of her arrest, her (ailing) <span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">mother</span>, who had sometimes participated in her daughter’s and husband’s calls for revolt, is to have advised her to go into hiding, which Geneviève did. </div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Citoyennes Marie Marguerite and Marie Elisabeth Barbot/Barbeau</span>, signed several petitions, either together or single, e.g. in favour of women’s armament, defended Robespierre and his friends on 9 Thermidor, took part in the uprisings in Spring 1795, were arrested afterwards. Their sister <span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Marie Anastasie</span> was present at the Champ-de-Mars massacre, but otherwise less politically active.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Marie Pierre Deffaut-Périot</span>, (born around 1755), shopkeeper, suscriber to the Ami du Peuple (revived and edited by Lebois in 1794), which she discussed publicly. She visited the Jacobins sometimes together with her (female) neighbours accused for having stirred the people on 9 Thermidor, arrested in Prairial an III.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Madame Dembreville</span>, accused for having dragged a canon for the Commune on 9 Thermidor.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Madame Butikere</span>, criticised the Thermidorian reaction.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Françoise Dupont, femme Barbant/Barbaux/Barbaut</span>, born 1768, laundress; took an active part in the section meetings, accused of being a “terroriste”, political conspirator in 1795, she was part of the illegal circle that organised aids for the families of incarcered sansculottes.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Marthe Pingot-Chaladon</span>, (born in 1760), signed a petition for womens’ right to bear arms. Was arrested after Paririal III and accused of influencing the revolutionary committee’s deliberations, being vexed about the fact that women were denied access to the general assembly, being a terroriste and the donation of the biens nationaux to the people instead of selling them. </div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Françoise Borne-Grimont</span>, (born 1741), unemployed and living on public welfare, handed in a complaint for being discriminated against by her landlords for her jacobin convictions. Declared herself that she was “very often” at the Convention. After Prairial, she was arrested for voicing criticism about social injustice. </div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Madame Maubuisson</span>, regular visitor of the tribunes.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Widow Salignac</span>, regular visitor of the tribunes, later accused of taking part in illegal political (democratic) gatherings.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Madame Villarmé</span>, regular visitor of the tribunes.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Madame Huzard</span>, regular visitor of the tribunes, later accused of organising illegal democratic gatherings.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Madame Fragère</span>, regular visitor of the tribunes.</div>
<div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 1em;">
<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Madame Pampelun</span>, regular visitor of the tribunes.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Pommier</span>, baker, was accused for defending Robespierre after Thermidor and denouncing the Girondin representatives who “had their money, maybe not in blood, but in assignats”.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Madame François,</span> political conspirator in 1795, she was part of the illegal circle that organised aids for the families of incarcered sansculottes.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Leblanc</span>, helped prepare the Prairial insurrection by assembling combattants.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Madame Devaux</span>, stirred the people into insurrection in Prairial III and forced, with other women, to be handed over the keys to the general assembly’s hall. </div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Joséphine Rouillère</span>, took part in the Prairial insurrection.</div>
<div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 1em;">
<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Gonthier</span>, took part in the Prairial insurrection.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Madame Houssel</span>, took part in the Prairial insurrection.</div>
</figcaption>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-6448241715664814382016-08-18T00:34:00.000-07:002016-08-18T00:34:13.973-07:00<div class="photo-wrapper" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 3px 3px 0px 0px; color: #444444; display: table; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; overflow: hidden; text-align: center; width: 700px;">
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Part 3: Révolution et Providence: religious women</h2>
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<i>Again, this is a social group which was generally not very welcoming of the Revolution. Most (catholic) religious convents were very entangled with the Ancien Régime, its abbesses being of noble origin, or the entire convent being donated by nobles. Additionally, there was a big distrust towards the civil order of the clergy among female clerics. Last but not least, in the course of the dissolution of contemplative convents as a result from enlightenment sense of social utility (there was a similar movement in the Josephian countries some years before), only those convents were secure who provided necessary social services, like health care. On the other hand, the revolution saw the emergence of a multitude of civil or semi-civil, anthroposophic religions, in which (urban) women engaged a great deal. However, I could not find individual women I could present here. So, this is again a very short list. </i></div>
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<a href="http://femmesenrevolution.tumblr.com/image/147441260290" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Part 3: Révolution et Providence: religious women Again, this is a social group which was generally not very welcoming of the Revolution. Most (catholic) religious convents were very entangled with the Ancien Régime, its abbesses being of noble..." height="441" src="http://67.media.tumblr.com/b96df7100d24ef2021119761bde08a71/tumblr_o7bo7aZzz91v31ehfo1_1280.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 700px;" width="600" /></a><span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Marie-Marguerite-Françoise Goupil-Hébert</span>,<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;"> </span>(1756-1794), was a nun until about 1791, but being a patriot, she quit the convent. Despite keeping her Catholic beliefs, she sided with the more radical Republicans, marrying Hébert and presumably becoming the editor of his journal (in her accusation, she is treated as the owner of a printing house). According to Desgenettes, a former friend of Hébert and one-time visitor to Goupil, she was an ardent follower of Claude Fauchet (1744-1793), a constitutional bishop and advocate of social justice, but also a man of moderation and accomodation, later comprised in the struggle against the Brissotins and executed with them. According to Desgenettes, Goupil was impressed by his ideas and his eloquence, and spread his words to her “sisters” in the revolutionary clubs. She was arrested and executed as a “complice” of her husband. Her daughter Virginie later converted to protestantism, married a protestant pastor and became one of the promoters of evangelical protestantism in 1820s France. Her Wikipedia entry can be found <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMarie_Marguerite_Fran%25C3%25A7oise_H%25C3%25A9bert&t=NjJjOWMyNTUwNGFlYTk2M2I4NDFmMDFlYzNkNzY3N2U4OThkODlhMix0WkpQaUk0dg%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a>, and I wrote a piece about her <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fbriefbuch2punkt0.blogspot.lu%2F2016%2F02%2Ffrancoise-goupil-mere-duchesne-i-have.html%23more&t=ZDYzYTZkMzZiNTNjMjljZGY0YTBlN2U5ZWFjZjk5ZWFmNmE4NzEwNCx0WkpQaUk0dg%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a>. </div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Sophie (Marie-Françoise?) Fournier-Momoro</span>, wife of Antoine-François Momoro, acted as Goddess of Reason during the festival of Liberty on 10 november 1793.This fact is contested, for some historians claim that it was, in fact, the opera singer Mademoiselle Maillard who acted as Goddess of Reason. However, this may be a counter-revolutionary slender, for Mlle Maillard had a bad reputation, and the hostile historiography has it that the Goddess of Reason was, basically, a half-naked protitute. She was comprised in the struggle against the Enragés and sent to prison. However, she was released in Prairial an II, obviously to her great astonishment. It seems that she, from a family of printers herself, helped her husband in his work as an editor and printer. This was, by the way, fairly common at that time, and women were not yet kept outside their husbands’ business. After her husband’s death and her release from prison, she made a request for financial aid by the government, for she found herself without means and responsible for a child (a son, Jean-Antoine, with Momoro) and an ailing mother. Her request was refused. Three years later, she remarried and had a daughter. Apparently, she died in 1808. </div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Perrine Dugué </span>(1777-1796), named « Sainte tricolore », « Sainte républicaine », « La Sainte bleue », or « la Sainte aux ailes tricolores », from a very republican family, she was murdered (probably after a failed attempt to rape her) by Chouans. Rumor has it that she was a saint who did miracles, and she was worshipped by many villagers. <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerrine_Dugu%25C3%25A9&t=MmVmYjUzOTJhN2U1MGRhYTQxMmY2OWRlZDUyYTNiODZhODczMDkzNSx0WkpQaUk0dg%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">Here</a> is her Wikipedia entry. </div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Cathérine Théot </span>(1716-1794), had hallucinations from an early age. When, as a domestic in a convent, she declared in the 1770s to be the new Saint Virgin, or Eve, designed to give birth to the new Messiah, she was emprisoned in the Bastille, and then at the Salpêtrière hospital. Liberated in the early 1780s, she installed herself as a professional prophetesse and became modestly famous. During the Republic, she announced the coming of the Messiah, a consolator of the poor. It was understood by the present audience that she was talking of Robespierre. This rumour endowed Vadier to compromise her in an affair that was designed to ridicule Robespierre, although he was not mentioned directly. She was emprisoned, but protected through Robespierre’s influence, who did not want the affair to become broader known. After 9 Thermidor, she was accused for being in intelligence with Robespierre, but acquitted. Nevertheless she died in prison in September.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Clotilde-Suzanne Courcelle-Labrousse </span>(1747-1821), medium and prophet, close to the Jacobins. Traveled to Rome to bring the ideas of liberty, equality and a civil constitution of the clergy to the papal state. <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FClotilde-Suzanne_Courcelles_de_Labrousse&t=YjU4OWNhMTkwMmViZWU3MGQzOTIwNWVjZTQ4NGNmMjFhYTE3Mzc4Zix0WkpQaUk0dg%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">Here</a> is her Wikipedia entry. </div>
</figcaption>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-85924434307236227262016-08-18T00:33:00.000-07:002016-08-18T00:33:36.907-07:00<div class="photo-wrapper" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 3px 3px 0px 0px; color: #444444; display: table; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; overflow: hidden; text-align: center; width: 700px;">
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Part 1 - La République des Lettres: literary and artistic women</h2>
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<i style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">This section comprises women who promoted the ideals on the Revolution by the means of letters and art, among others authors, playwrights, journalists, actresses, singers, painters, composers etc. However, many women who worked in the „entertainment business“ such as actresses and singers, were reliant on royal and aristocratic patronage, which meant for many of them not only that the Revolution cut off their professional prospects, but also that they opposed the Revolution altogether. In this diverse list, I present women who used primarily literary or artistic means to express their support for the Revolution. Note, however, that the boundaries between this and other sections may be fluid.</i></div>
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<a href="http://femmesenrevolution.tumblr.com/image/144039648105" style="display: block; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Part 1 - La République des Lettres: literary and artistic women This section comprises women who promoted the ideals on the Revolution by the means of letters and art, among others authors, playwrights, journalists, actresses, singers, painters,..." height="367" src="http://66.media.tumblr.com/9225b4292b1ccb387d2d270e35d7bfbf/tumblr_o6pxlgqv8E1v31ehfo1_1280.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 700px;" width="736" /></a></div>
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<i style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;"><br style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;" /></i><span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Stéphanie Félicité, comtesse de Genlis</span> (1746-1830), author, musician and educator; a friend of Philippe Egalité and edicator of his daughters, and a reknown liberal, she welcomed the Revolution and visited the Cordeliers club, at least once taking her pupil Adélaïde d'Orléans with her. In her salon 1789-1791, she welcomed, among others, progressive members of the Constituante, like the Lameth and Barére. However, she exiled in 1793.<br style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;" />Amélie-Julie Candeille (1767 - 1834), singer, composer, actress and playwright; she was an abolitionist in the Société des Amis des Noirs and wrote plays against slavery. She was very closely linked to the girondists, but escaped persecution. Find her portrait <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FF%25C3%25A9licit%25C3%25A9_de_Genlis%23%2Fmedia%2FFile%3AMadame_de_Genlis_1780.jpg&t=MjYzZmM3ZmVhNGZiY2EyYTgzZmM1N2JmNmEwYmY0NzRlNDNkYWNmNSxuRUlOdkxmTQ%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a> and her Wikipedia entry <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAm%25C3%25A9lie-Julie_Candeille&t=YTk3YzE4MWUzYTYyZjM3YWUwMWQwYTA1MmFjNTQ5MmRhYTViNDI5YSxuRUlOdkxmTQ%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Olympe de Gouges</span>, form. Marie Gouze (1748 – 1793), playwright and pamphletist; living as a courtesan after being widowed at a young age, she soon turned to literature, writing plays in which she voiced her abolitionist and feminist views. A constitutional monarchist, she at first welcomed the Revolution, but was disappointed when it failed to grant women the same rights as men. Being both, a democrat while remaining somewhat a moderate and a constitutional royalist, she soon opposed the jacobins vehemently and was guillotined in November 1793. <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Ffeministesentousgenres.blogs.nouvelobs.com%2Fmedia%2F00%2F01%2F2248852875.jpg&t=MzFjMDc5YTcyZTUzMWY4MWY3MGVkMGViODc0NWZiZjYwZTkzYzg0NyxuRUlOdkxmTQ%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">Here</a>’s her portrait and <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOlympe_de_Gouges&t=NTc3OGI5M2VkN2U2MmQ1Y2RmYjA1YWVkZWZmMDIxYmE3ODU2ZDQ0MCxuRUlOdkxmTQ%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a> her Wikipedia entry. </div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Louise-Félicité Kéralio-Robert</span>, (1756 – 1821), academian, historian, editor, journalist, jacobin. Her views cannot be considered as “feminist” in our contemporary sense, for she favoured the exclusion of women from the political sphere. Apart from that, she acted as a “liberated woman”, being the first female editor-in-chief of a journal and signing her articles, in which she voiced views independent from her husband’s, with her own name. Her pressumed portrait is <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fs-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com%2F736x%2F29%2F45%2Fd7%2F2945d75718524a48375a012c335d4236.jpg&t=NjFiZjBlMjAxNTg3OWMyNGE1M2FmYzk4NGQ4NTk0YTNlZGIwMzhiOSxuRUlOdkxmTQ%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a>, and <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLouise-F%25C3%25A9licit%25C3%25A9_de_K%25C3%25A9ralio&t=ODNkZTE3MTQ2ZGI3YTNhMjM1ZWIxODg1N2I1ZDIxNDNmNTg2MjdjNixuRUlOdkxmTQ%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a> her Wikipedia entry. </div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Marie-Sophie Lapierre</span>, (born around 1770-1775), a former teacher, tailor and ultimately singer, she used to sing revolutionary, radical-democratic chansons in the Bains Chinois, the rallying point of the babouvists; a member of the conspiration des égaux, she was accused with them and distinguished herself with mocking the jury and president. Sophie was released, and fell into obscurity afterward.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Mlle Jodin</span>, wrote a pamphlet named <i style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">Vues législatives sur les femmes</i> (1789), in which she pleads for the right do divorce and the institution of a Female tribunal, employed in uniquely female matters, and composed by women; and in 1790 : “Et nous aussi nous sommes citoyennes.” (And we, too, we are citizenesses ; meaning we as women, too, have civil rights.)<br style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;" /><br style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Jeanne-Rosalie Tillet-Guillodon-Saudraye</span>, a creole and wife of the Academie française member Charles-Joseph Lohier de la Saudraye, who was a council in Saint-Domingo before the Revolution. She adopted the republican ideals, despite being a « moderate » jacobin, attended Jacobin meetings, and prepared a short report on the historical origins of the phrygian bonnet which she presented at a session in Vesoul.<br style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;" /><br style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;" /><span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Germaine de Staël</span> (1766-1817), author and philosopher.Daughter of Necker, married to a Swedish noble-man, was initially favourable towards the Revolution. However, she pled in favour of a constitutional monarchy and thus had to exile several times after 1792. <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F1%2F11%2FMadame_de_Sta%25C3%25ABl.jpg&t=YzA5MTY4MTcxMGUwOGYwY2M0OTdkZjhlNjRiMGU3MjgzZjg2OTFiMixuRUlOdkxmTQ%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">Here</a>’s her portrait, and her Wikipedia entry can be found here. </div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Constance de Théis</span> (1767-1845), poet and literate. Born into a noble family which emigrated during the Terreur, she returned to France during the Directoire when she made herself known as a lyrical playwright and author. Among other, she published, in 1797, an « Epître aux femmes », in which she voiced feminist views and claimed that women and men were equal despite their differences. Marie-Joseph dubbed her « la Muse de la Raison ». <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fd%2Fd6%2FJean-Baptiste_Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Desoria_-_Portrait_de_Constance_Pipelet.jpg&t=MzAzY2I0ZmM4NjU5YjdlMWQ0ODdlMjY2NTdmYzEyYmI3YWJiNzE0MSxuRUlOdkxmTQ%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">Here</a> is her portrait. </div>
</figcaption>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-52550173994254200592016-08-18T00:31:00.002-07:002016-08-18T00:31:59.397-07:00<div class="photo-wrapper" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 3px 3px 0px 0px; color: #444444; display: table; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; overflow: hidden; text-align: center; width: 700px;">
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Part 2: Les Tigresses des Salons: socialite women</h2>
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<i style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">Many literature salons were held by noble women, or women who were very closely connected to the Ancien Régime. Apart from that, mostly distinguished guests frequented these circles. Consequently, the salonnières were, either due to their social rank or that of their usual guests, predominantly restraint towards the Revolution, if not counter-revolutionary, and preferred to stay obscure and/or apolitical. The same is true for socialites, concubines and mistresses, who often were salonnières as well, and in any case relied on their aristocratic keepers. Thus, this section is, again, rather short and politically moderate.</i><br />
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<a href="http://femmesenrevolution.tumblr.com/image/144641964370" style="clear: right; display: block; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Part 2: Les Tigresses des Salons: socialite women Many literature salons were held by noble women, or women who were very closely connected to the Ancien Régime. Apart from that, mostly distinguished guests frequented these circles. Consequently, the..." src="http://65.media.tumblr.com/702ca4a9d92f24a7574dcf4e6bc5afbe/tumblr_o7bnzyxpPC1v31ehfo1_1280.jpg" height="544" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 700px;" width="750" /></a><span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Marie Louise-Sophie de Grouchy-Condorcet</span>, (1764-1822), salonnière, translator, feminist, favoured political rights for women (she may have influenced her husband, who demanded certain political right for women, in this manner). A liberal and fluent in several languages, she translated works of Thomas Paine and Adam Smith into French. After her husband’s death she published all of his writings. <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSophie_de_Condorcet%23%2Fmedia%2FFile%3ASophiedecondorcet.jpg&t=NTY4YTNjZDY1YTY3NzNhOTVmMjE1YzEwODhjY2UwZjc3ZWMwYzExMCxwTk0wRmN5dA%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">Here</a>’s her portrait and <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSophie_de_Condorcet&t=MTU5NDA3YmVjZmQ2MTBiN2VkNjgyNmY2ZDg3MTBmNDQ4OTQ3ODJjMyxwTk0wRmN5dA%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a> her Wikipedia entry.</div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Thérésa Tallien</span>, (1773-1835), salonnière. Nowadays, she is most famous for being a lover to, well, many men, having helped to bring to fall Robespierre, and for her extravagant life style during the Directoire. However, a staunch critic of catholicism, she is enthusiastic about the Révolution since its beginning and politically active, although as a rather moderate (she is said to have been member in the Club de 1789). She is interested in matters of education, makes a public speech on that issue in 1793, and especially supports the schooling of girls. Her Wikipedia entry is <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTh%25C3%25A9r%25C3%25A9sa_Tallien&t=YzRlZjk2MmM2OTRhZmIzNjY3ZWYzYWNmNjgyZDgzNTE4N2YxNjQyMCxwTk0wRmN5dA%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a>, and her portrait <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Ff%2Ff5%2FTh%25C3%25A9r%25C3%25A9sa_Cabarrus.JPG%3Fuselang%3Dfr&t=OWE1MGExZDg3OTY1YmQwMTg3YWVmN2Q5YzllZjE0MWE1ODI4YTAzYyxwTk0wRmN5dA%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a>.</div>
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J<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">eanne-Marie „Manon“ Roland</span>, (1754-1793), salonnière, girondist. She used her talent for socialising to promote her husband’s political career. An early adherent to theFrench Revolution, her salon became the rallying point of the Jacobins, later, after the split between “radicals” and “moderates”, the political centre of the Girondists. Mme Roland did not take direct political action, but she persued the debates, remained informed about the issues of the day, and thus influenced politics in letters and conversation. After the struggle for power between Girondists and Montagnards, in which the Montagnards prevailed, she was emprisoned and ultimately guillotined. Her Wikipedia entry is <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMadame_Roland&t=YzE2ZDMxYzE5ZDNkODE0ODc3ODNkZmUzYTI1YzAxOTc1YmI1MzdmYixwTk0wRmN5dA%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a>, and her portrait <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fb%2Fb5%2FMadame_Roland_Lambinet.jpg&t=NTgxZDZjNDlkMTUyYzAzNWExNDBmNDljNzE0YjM3NjliMDY2MGVjMCxwTk0wRmN5dA%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a>. </div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Fanny de Beauharnais</span> (1737-1813), salonnière and noble woman. She was not really a supporter of the French Revolution, but befriended Anarchasis Cloots, who congratulated her to her “conversion” in 1793. Her Wikipedia entry is <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFanny_de_Beauharnais&t=MzJmNjhjNTI0NmIyZTM3YjE4NjMxMTYyNTA0NGFkYWYzYzI0YTFmMCxwTk0wRmN5dA%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a>, her portrait <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilnitsky.com%2Fpictures%2F24763a.jpg&t=Y2JiZjNiNWE4MjhiZTc5ZDc5YWJmMjU4YmE2ZDViMTUyM2IxOGVkNixwTk0wRmN5dA%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a>. </div>
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<span style="font-size: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.6;">Bathilde d'Orléans</span>, (1750-1822), French princess of blood, wife of the Prince of Condé and mother of the Duke of Enghien, she soon fell out with her husband and her aristocratic family and, when the Revolution broke out, became an ardent supporter, similarly as her brother, Philippe Egalité. She renamed as „Citoyenne Vérité“, offered her goods to the Republic (before having confiscated them, however) and broke relations with her ex-husband and son who exiled and formed a military corps which fought the revolutionary Republic. Despite her republican ideals, she was imprisoned during Terreur, and forced to go into exile, where she opened a pharmacy for poor people. After returning to Restauration France, she cherished the memory of her executed son, but without reconciling with her family. <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBathilde_d%2527Orl%25C3%25A9ans&t=NjFlNWU2MDc0NmVmODBiN2JmZWE2NzZkN2M3ZGNiNTQyODIzNzRlOCxwTk0wRmN5dA%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">Here</a> is her Wikipedia entry, and <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBathilde_d%25E2%2580%2599Orl%25C3%25A9ans%23%2Fmedia%2FFile%3ABathilde.jpg&t=YjE5NTUxMjk3N2ViN2QyOTg1NDA4NzY1YmQzY2ViZjNiNDFjYjI3NixwTk0wRmN5dA%3D%3D" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;">here</a> her portrait.</div>
</figcaption>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-34912557270472750112016-08-18T00:30:00.004-07:002016-08-18T00:30:54.203-07:00<div class="photo-wrapper" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 3px 3px 0px 0px; color: #444444; display: table; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 21px; overflow: hidden; text-align: center; width: 700px;">
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Women in the French Revolution - Series</h2>
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When we talk about women in the French Revolution, we tend to focus on Marie Antoinette and her friends, Madame Roland and other salonnières, Lucile Desmoulins and other family members, Olympe de Gouges, when we try to be feminist, Théroigne de Méricort when trying to be militant, and Rose Lacombe and Pauline Léon when we are better instructed. Not to mention the wifes and families of male revolutionaries, who may not even have been active in politics. All of them are certainly women who played a role during the Revolution, and with the exeption of Marie Antoinette, they forwarded the ideas of the revolutionary movement in one way or the other. On the other hand, the names of women from the more popular milieus have been obscured. The same is true for women who did not play their role in the political centres - geographically spoken, Paris. And it is true for women who served in the French Republican army, for the most part, and unlike many other contemporary armies, as women and without disguise.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://femmesenrevolution.tumblr.com/image/143844115735" style="clear: right; display: block; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Women in the French RevolutionWhen we talk about women in the French Revolution, we tend to focus on Marie Antoinette and her friends, Madame Roland and other salonnières, Olympe de Gouges, when we try to be feminist, Théroigne de Méricort when..." height="274" src="http://65.media.tumblr.com/bb5ff53c28c93e7a41380c779228a140/tumblr_o5ifltTdMD1v31ehfo1_r1_1280.png" style="border: 0px; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 700px;" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Meeting of a political women's club, Gouache by Le Sueur</td></tr>
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<div style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6; margin-top: 1em;">
In<span style="font-size: inherit; line-height: 1.6;"> this list, I try to present the names of the many known women who took an active part in favour of the Revolution, in one or the other way. I will only count women who reportedly played an active political or social role, so mere “wifes and family” whose engagement is not clear will not be considered. On the other part, some women (as well as men) were not active throughout the Revolution, but only partly at some events. I will consider them anyway. Many contemporary reports claim that women were present at certains events or in political clubs, in administrative meetings etc., but give no names, even when these women made public speeches. These women are lost to historiography. Even so, many names in my list are not determined, for spelling was not as fixed as it is today and people tended to write proper names just the way they understood them.</span></div>
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I will divide this list in sveral section; each section is very diverse, some more, some less. Additionally, the assignment of individual women to this or that section is not always unambiguous. In doubt, I chose that section which best reflects the nature of revolutionary engagement. These are the sections of the list, which will be published serially:</div>
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1. La République des Lettres: literary and artistic women</div>
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2. Les Tigresses des Salons: social women</div>
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3. Révolution et Providence: religious women</div>
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4. Ça ira: popular women</div>
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5. Sociétés patriotiques et Révolutionnaires: clubbist women</div>
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6. Allons Enfants de la Patrie: military women</div>
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7. La Citoyenne du Monde: women in the provinces, women from abroad</div>
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8. Miscellaneous</div>
</figcaption>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-4988755574762587902016-02-15T12:36:00.002-08:002020-04-14T03:14:56.741-07:00<h2>
Zinaida Lilina, Revolutionary, administrator and pedagogue</h2>
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Meet Zinaida Lilina,
Bolshevist revolutionary, women's activist, social and culture
administrator and opponent to Stalin. She was a tough woman, and an
important figure in the Bolshevist movement, but also controversial,
especially in bourgeois eyes, and nearly forgotten by history (many
biographies on her friends even fail to have her name right), which
makes it somewhat difficult to detect her life.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaVWH_2eUwxQIc7V8TkQYnzQknVYc7RvEqvaQL0Ni1H01UNTJ4GkPATEhvFNdkLBEtsrLonvO6-sdUFfipu3KLQLAhBkJJTOgCtmhJticcgcbCFRZi_dbfHuSSdoKByM3ge1emV1kjtz8G/s1600/file+%25284%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaVWH_2eUwxQIc7V8TkQYnzQknVYc7RvEqvaQL0Ni1H01UNTJ4GkPATEhvFNdkLBEtsrLonvO6-sdUFfipu3KLQLAhBkJJTOgCtmhJticcgcbCFRZi_dbfHuSSdoKByM3ge1emV1kjtz8G/s1600/file+%25284%2529.jpeg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Relatively early portrait of Lilina</td></tr>
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<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Zlata, Golde (the Jewish
translation of Zlata) or Zinaida Evnovna Bernstein was born on 15.
January 1881 or 1882 to a poor Jewish family in a village in Belarus,
she grew up in a Jewish and Polish surrounding and was at first
educated at home. However, she had later the opportunity to visit a
high school (Gymnasium), she finished school in 1902 and, like many
progressive women without means at her time, worked as a teacher. In
the same year, she became a member of the Russian Social-Democratic
Worker's Party, which had not yet split into Bolsheviks and
Mensheviks then. Around that time, she also emigrated to Switzerland,
where she took the opportunity to visit lectures in medicine, a
common practice for Russian women who were not yet allowed to visit
Russian universities, as well as many universities in other European
countries. After the split between Lenin and his followers, known as
the Bolsheviks, and his opponents, known as Mensheviks, Lilina sided
with Lenin whom she had met around that time in Berne.</div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
During the 1905 uprising
in Russia, Lilina went back to Russia and participated in the
revolutionary activities after 1905 and until about 1907, the final
defeat of the revolutionary period. Working as a teacher, she was
also active in the Sankt Petersbourg illegal party work, as was
Krupskaya, whom she may or may not have met at that time. She
may have met Grigory Zinoviev at that time, also a Bolshevik and
ardent Leninist (some have dubbed him „Lenin's shadow“ in the few
years to follow). Biographers like McNeal or Michael Pearson claim
that the two of them were married at that period, and that their son
was born around 1909. However, more recent Russian articles say that
at this time, Zinoviev was still married to Sara Ravich, another
Bolshevik, born in 1879 and of similar origin as Lilina and
Zinoviev himself. According to these sources, it was only after his
and Ravich's divorce, in 1912, that Lilina and Zinoviev married,
and only in 1913 that their son was born. However, it is rather
certain, that the two of them already met around 1908, or even
earlier. In the year of the „second emigration“, 1908 to 1917,
Lilina and Zinoviev were of the closest co-workers of Lenin in
exile. They formed a kind of community, living in the same towns and
seeing each other regularly besides work for strolls or bicycle
excursions. Together, they moved from Switzerland to Paris in 1909,
where they had a party school, and from Paris to Cracow in 1912,
where Lilina's and Zinoviev's son Stepan may have been born. Lenin
dotted on the child very much, and both Lilina and Krupskaya recall
how he played with him, made much noise, knocked things over, crawled
on the floor and protested when Lilina tried to put a check on them.
Lenin himself shows affection in a letter from 1916, which concludes:
„Beste Grüsse [best regards], especially to Styopka [a pet name
for Stepan], who must have grown so that I won’t be able to toss
him up to the ceiling!” (It is rather unlikely that Lenin threw a
seven-year-old to the ceiling, which makes Stepan's birth year of
1913 more plausible.) Later Lilina recalls, when taking a stroll in
Switzerland, Lenin to have said: „It is a pity that we have no such
Styopka.“ Still, in Cracow, the Lilina-Zinovievs were also close to
Lev Kamenev, his wife Olga Bronstein (Trotsky's sister) and their
family, who were of the same age and keen on going to the movies.
Zinoviev and Kamenev were about to form a practically inseparable
alliance.</div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMqogwpY-tOmRkXTj-lF2mLWKrc5nPfLHHwxlMWCJsCZeR7pqnmEfvsnaWAkpxTlB4tf2AdTBec4T4va9lzp2oQB5tycVZVV7ze7EPHjJiDWSwCs4mHiupjnp-QfGvPh4oRJjCsdOsM9bk/s1600/03U93715PA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMqogwpY-tOmRkXTj-lF2mLWKrc5nPfLHHwxlMWCJsCZeR7pqnmEfvsnaWAkpxTlB4tf2AdTBec4T4va9lzp2oQB5tycVZVV7ze7EPHjJiDWSwCs4mHiupjnp-QfGvPh4oRJjCsdOsM9bk/s200/03U93715PA.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kamenev and Zinoviev chilling</td></tr>
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<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Apart from those free-time
activities, Lilina worked together with Krupskaya in the party
organisation, the propaganda works and the smuggling of illegal
literature between Russia and abroad, and they did very joyfully so.
The two women became close friends, and Krupskaya talks about her a
great deal in her reminiscences about that time. This, however, may
also indicate the great importance Lilina had in the party at that
time. Lenin charged her with a multitude of important missions, with
attending congresses and delivering speeches. In 1914, she,
Krupskaya, Inessa Armand and Ludmilla Stal were the core group in
organising a women's party newspaper, „The Woman Worker“, which,
however, was very short lived, maybe due to the World War I and
restricted connections to Russia, where the paper was edited. On
outbreak of the war, in 1914, the Krupskaya-Lenins and
Lilina-Zinovievs moved to Berne, where Lilina became the secretary of
the local Bolshevik group until 1915. Her work-load must have been
enormous, but Lilina seems to have been of poor health. In summer
1914, as Lenin writes in several letters to Armand, she was seriously
sick and even in hospital, putting him under some “shortages in
staff”, since her illness made it also impossible for Zinoviev to
attend international meetings, and he himself was maybe unable or
unwilling to travel.
</div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
In 1917, Lilina, her son
and her husband were part of the company, also including Lenin,
Krupskaya, Armand and Ravich, that crossed Germany in a sealed train
with the destination of revolutionary Russia. With her comrades,
Lilina continued to pursue the goal of a socialist revolution. It is
not known (to me) what her stand was on the temporary but deep
division between Lenin and Zinoviev/Kamenev, who were against the
October uprising and announced their opposition publicly (before the
planned uprising and thereby making it known), which stirred Lenin's
fury. Whatever the case may have been, it did not cause a break in
Lilina's career (as it didn't in Zinoviev's and Kamenev's, although
they ceased to be as close to Lenin as previously). She attended the
first post-revolutionary party congress in March 1918, which saw the
renaming of the RSDWP (b) into CPR (b) (somehow they needed to
maintain that „bolshevist“ specification), and remained active in
the Petrograd Soviet (Petrograd is the Russian name for Sankt
Petersburg, as it was called since the World War). After the
congress, she was appointed head of the Petrograd Soviet's department
for Social Security. Her main task in the strained
post-revolutionary, post-world war and in media-civil war situation
was the struggle against child poverty, child homelessness, the care
for children in nurseries, orphanages and schools. Especially the
provision with food proved to be a demanding task. Also, she became
member commissioner of the Union of Northern Region Communities,
headed by Zinoviev. Another member was Ravich, who, by the way, was
rather close to her ex-husband's family and befriended Lilina.
However, the Union soon fell apart.
</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizav5pOsO3_A2kRfQlOtleW6rkBBqpzZAa0YrZXiAX6f9WNaSVLChp59XsMwNZ4S8p3pnGAX1qXjDBq9qJL43ca_3EqA1ykKSjRDvJp93tG30S6BnAQ8nnWi61s2AtsapAGbaCtBPWKv9X/s1600/Group_of_delegates_to_the_IIIrd_International_at_Pavlovsk_Palace%252C_Petrograd_%2528July_1920%2529_%252814858548422%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizav5pOsO3_A2kRfQlOtleW6rkBBqpzZAa0YrZXiAX6f9WNaSVLChp59XsMwNZ4S8p3pnGAX1qXjDBq9qJL43ca_3EqA1ykKSjRDvJp93tG30S6BnAQ8nnWi61s2AtsapAGbaCtBPWKv9X/s200/Group_of_delegates_to_the_IIIrd_International_at_Pavlovsk_Palace%252C_Petrograd_%2528July_1920%2529_%252814858548422%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lilina (middle, background) in 1920</td></tr>
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<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
As I said, the situation
of civil war was very strained and certainly asked for thorough
measures, and this may have somewhat hardened Lilina, who proved to
be an efficient propagandist and became notorious in Western Europe
and the United States for her demand that children be separated from
their families and raised as communists. This may sound very harsh,
but it is not uncommon for feminist communists at that time who
favoured communal child care and householding as a means for the
liberation of women. Other persons like Kollontai, who shared a deep
mutual hatred with Lilina, advocated for similar solutions, and
Krupskaya as well as Lenin proclaimed that individual household was
part of the enslavement of women. Thus, the call for communal
householding and child care was part of the feminist demand for
taking the load of working women from their double burden. Also, the
young Soviet Russia faced the difficulty of wide-spread illiteracy
and launched a vast campaign against it and for universal schooling
(in this, Krupskaya was very active in Moscow). The „seizure“ of
children needs to be seen before this background, too.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="en-US">In fact, Lilina was
an active part of both branches, of the women's movement as a member
of the Zhenotdel, the women’s section of the party’s Central
Committee, initiated in 1919 and first headed by Armand, who tackled
issues of gender equality and women's rights, like equal pay, the
right of abortion and prostitution. As the Zhenotdel worked in close
collaboration with the </span><span lang="en-US"><span style="background: #ffffff;">Commissariats
of Health, Education, Labor, Social Welfare, and Internal Affairs, as
well as other institutions, this could, from a 21st century
perception, be seen as some kind of early gender mainstreaming.
However, the Zhenotdel faced many problems, deriving from the harsh
conditions under Civil War, as well as the struggles for power later
on, which led to the silencing of some of its most outspoken members,
like Kollontai (additionally, the very active Armand already died in
1920).</span></span><span lang="en-US"> In the course of the 1920s,
many of the early and most active members of the Zhenotdel became
connected to the anti-Stalinist opposition, and lost power when
Stalin prevailed. The section was maintained a short time under
Stalin’s auspices, and dissolved in 1930, making room for a
backlash in feminist matters which stopped nearly every of the
Zhenotdel’s initiatives.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAIQJmZFLX68Iwo0hvfjObrvz0kBvyyoPK5uDHhx7g2BSrEVYzt6pjih8Tu5Ay7cUswOH19pNqc-VZLgqRT1ilBJ7BeQbP2Bj68nlmbp-NXdq9V-aDfVR-sxaoJNeNlrrqMSh_hj5wCBmA/s1600/lilina.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAIQJmZFLX68Iwo0hvfjObrvz0kBvyyoPK5uDHhx7g2BSrEVYzt6pjih8Tu5Ay7cUswOH19pNqc-VZLgqRT1ilBJ7BeQbP2Bj68nlmbp-NXdq9V-aDfVR-sxaoJNeNlrrqMSh_hj5wCBmA/s200/lilina.png" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lilina (middle) in a meeting</td></tr>
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<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
As to schooling, Lilina
became the head of the Petrograd Social-pedagogic Committee in 1920,
and between 1924 and 1926, head of the department for public
education in the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet.
Besides, she was active in a commission for the improvement of
scientist's living situation as well head administrator of the
Petrograd theaters. So, Lilina was active at the interface between
science, culture and education, which partly shows in her work on art
education. As a pedagogue, Lilina had somewhat similar ideas like
Krupskaya, who in her articles and books had advocated (and continued
to advocate) for a very liberal, child-centered education and sought
to combine universal mass education with approaches from the
progressive education as well as work schools. Thus, both thought
schools to be the „first step of life“ instead of a mere
preparation for life, a crucial part of the child's spiritual (and
arguably political) formation that should be as un-administrated as
possible, leaving children the most possible freedom and
individuality to develop both their personalities and their
intelligence. Liberal pedagogics were at the head of their time,
everywhere in Europe and the US new kinds of schools were established
were enthusiastic teachers experimented with forms of education which
were inspired by pedagogical and psychological scientific knowledge
as well as teaching experiences. Both Krupskaya and Lilina had lived
in Switzerland, the motherland of the progressive education movement,
where at least Krupskaya had systematically studied pedagogic
literature and the Swiss schooling system. It is very probable that
she had at least discussed her findings with her fellow-teacher and
friend Lilina. Now, in the early Soviet period, both women had the
opportunity to test their ideas in practice, each on their different
positions. As for Lilina, she advocated for a plurality of school
forms, dedicated to the various needs and interests of children, and
maintained a huge network of collaboration between the
administration, teachers and educators and the workers. She focused
especially at the close connection between schooling and the „real“
life through collaborations between classes and professionals from
science and production in industry and agriculture.
</div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Throughout the 1920s,
Lilina published her ideas and experiences in books and articles. In
the course of the first half of the 1920s, her husband, the divisive
Zinoviev, became a powerful figure in the Soviet state. Together with
Kamenev and Stalin, he formed a triumvirate striving to isolate
Trotsky from powerful positions, especially after Lenin’s stroke in
1922. There may have been a good deal of jealousy from the part of
Zinoviev, who had been one of the closest collaborators of Lenin
before the October Revolution, sharing exile and escape with him.
After Trotsky joined the bolshevist ranks, he was increasingly valued
by Lenin, albeit critically. In fact, there is some evidence that
Lenin planned to collaborate with Trotsky against Stalin. Part of
Zinoviev’s imperious traits may have been present in the whole
family, for Lilina, too, was accused by some for being authoritarian
and not allowing alternative, and especially non-communist ideas.
Also, their son Stepan is said to have been condescending towards his
peers. Apart from that, enemies of the Lilina-Zinovievs have accused
them of wealth grab, claiming that Lilina tried to escape with jewels
worth several million rubles. This may be slander, however, it is not
impossible that the new-gained power corrupted them at least a bit.
On the other hand, contemporaries have claimed that Lilina was also a
bit nostalgic about her illegal past in exile and still wore clothes
she had shopped with Krupskaya in Switzerland.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBYHYpGqgPCb4QUxcu6Kjz_zVZXviXktB-xXh5js1xqPQgSJQW3ViF2YlmoKtJUdwcz-0VOdsM-wZvoDJLJXnrI6-d7KY0D0n8OTgTPy8iODgI61y9cS9v8JWN6D2IWIQXCVYJ8elYlmH_/s1600/file+%25282%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBYHYpGqgPCb4QUxcu6Kjz_zVZXviXktB-xXh5js1xqPQgSJQW3ViF2YlmoKtJUdwcz-0VOdsM-wZvoDJLJXnrI6-d7KY0D0n8OTgTPy8iODgI61y9cS9v8JWN6D2IWIQXCVYJ8elYlmH_/s1600/file+%25282%2529.jpeg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lilina and Stepan, her son</td></tr>
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<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
In 1925, Zinoviev,
together with Kamenev formed a Leningrad Opposition (because of his
power base in Leningrad/Petrograd) against Stalin with whom they had
fallen out. Lilina and Ravich sided ranks with the Opposition which
was, by the way, defended by Krupskaya, who really hated Stalin and
sought to keep him from power. The Stalin-led party leadership
retaliated and expelled Zinoviev from his posts. Lilina remained in
her office, but things may have become difficult for her. The Soviet
author Panteleev, for instance, remembers how Lilina in vain tried to
make one of his works publish after 1926. In 1926, the Leningrad
Opposition united with the Left Opposition around Trotsky and
deployed a vast propaganda activity against Stalin. In 1927, Lilina
and her friends were expelled from the party for “belonging to a
Trotskyist opposition”, but reinstalled in 1928, again along with
her friends. In the same year, she was employed at the department for
children’s literature in Moscow.
</div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
However, she did not
remain for long on this post, and must have been very ill at that
time. On 28 May 1929, Lilina died from lung cancer in a Leningrad
hospital and was buried on the famous Alexander Nevsky cemetery in
the same city. Her death was announced in party papers by one single
obituary, signed by “a comrade”, which may have been Krupskaya.
Some years later, Lilina’s works were banned.</div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgexbU-C6H2GRX-uogMKEUc4p07SfEhOVX31Q2tBlsdddJ73Hw-VB4CnOmu1L5X_PnjmJA8t45gqXsPo7Y4XZ9zCFBrkk7yLeEncYztGKUJPvP_hStAscK07g-BEU0c-vgPtJJYugB7e5C8/s1600/1920s1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgexbU-C6H2GRX-uogMKEUc4p07SfEhOVX31Q2tBlsdddJ73Hw-VB4CnOmu1L5X_PnjmJA8t45gqXsPo7Y4XZ9zCFBrkk7yLeEncYztGKUJPvP_hStAscK07g-BEU0c-vgPtJJYugB7e5C8/s1600/1920s1.jpeg" /></a>In some way, death was
benevolent to her, for it released her from witnessing the execution
of her husband (who, by the way, remarried) and her comrade Kamenev
in 1936. Zinoviev had received from Stalin the promise that his
family would not be persecuted, but already in February 1937, his and
Lilina’s son Stepan was shot in a Moscow prison. Lilina’s friend
Krupskaya had left the opposition in Lilina’s life time and tried
to make her peace with Stalin, but without much success.
Contemporaries have her complain on several occasion on the dreadful
state of the Stalinist Soviet Union. She died in 1939, arguably of
natural causes, highly decorated but soon forgotten. Ravich had been
exiled to Siberia in the 1930s, but she survived Stalin and was
released in 1954; she died in 1957.
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="en-US">Few photographs of
Lilina are available (there are many in the archives of the
social-democratic party, but access is restricted). Some
contemporaries have described her, and from that it seems that she
was a small, early-aged, but very lively woman. Victor Serge
describes her as “a small crop-haired, grey-eyed woman […]
sprightly and tough”. </span>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-59219214074112480532016-02-15T11:57:00.000-08:002020-01-11T05:01:00.426-08:00<div class="post_title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: Gibson, 'Helvetica Neue', HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 47px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">
A propos de Mlle Deshorties</div>
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In her memoirs, Charlotte Robespierre recalls that her brother Maximilien courted her cousin-in-law, a certain Mlle Deshorties. However, she did not make clear what the young woman’s first name was. Well, in his hagiography, Ernest Hamel affirmated that the young woman’s name had been Anaїs and that she later became the wife of a lawyer called Leducq. This knowledge, especially her first name, has been spread, and more or less every historian and biographer is sure that Maximilien indeed courted a young woman named Anaїs Deshorties…<br />
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As Charlotte Robespierre mentions, and church books confirms, Robert Deshorties, who later married the Robespierres' aunt, had three daughters by his first wife, Jeanne Lenglet. However, none of them was named "<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Anaїs". His eldest daughter, born on March, 25th, 1765, was Marie Catherine Antoinette. On September 18th 1766, her younger sister Marie Louise Constance was born, and on November 19 1767, a third girl named Marie Adelaide Victoire completed the family. As Charlotte does not give any hindsight as to which of the Deshorties girls had a relationship with her brother, it is our's to guess... </span><br />
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In his review of Marc Bouloiseau’s biography on Robespierre, Louis Jacob Marie-Catherine-Antoinette was the Mlle Deshorties in question. “Antoinette” is also the name that is given in the Encyclopedia Britannica’s article on Robespierre.<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> Le Gentil, in his biography of the Leducq family from 1692 to 1877, simply names her Marie-Catherine, which is also her name in several fora on genealogy. Le Gentil, too, states that it was her who had a relation to Maximilien. I will try to trace back her life, which is not easy since reliable sources are rare and biographical mentions rather hagiographic.</span></div>
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Catherine (as she signed at her marriage certificate) was the child of Robert-Franҫois Deshorties, then a notary, and Jeanne Josephe Lenglet, born in 1726. The two of them married on 1<sup style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">st</sup> July 1755 and had two sons, born 1759 and 1761, and three daughters. Her mother died on 16<sup style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup> May 1770. In January 1776, her father married Marie-Marguerite-Alexandrine-Eléonore-Eulalie de Robespierre (1735-1791), Maximilien’s aunt.<br />
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I do not know anything about the young Catherine. Ernest Hamel praises her a lot, calls her (in other words) pretty, nice and smart, as well as lively, gay, playful and so on. How did he know? No clue. Le Gentil is more concise: she “was as remarkable for her distinction as for her intelligence”. Charlotte Robespierre claims that her brother courted Mlle Deshorties for “two or three years” in 1789. Was she the recipient of the tear-jerking letters Maximilien wrote in June 1787? About her relationship with her cousin we can only speculate. Le Gentil suggests that it was Catherine who inspired Robespierre the poem dedicated to “belle Ophélie”. Abbé Proyart writes in his obnoxious account on Robespierre’s life, that he obtained the hand of a young relative, which may have been Catherine.<br />
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Well, as we know, they did not marry. Other than Charlotte recalls, Catherine did not marry before Maximilien’s return to Arras in autumn 1791. Their relationship may have been at an end by then. In 1792, on 7<sup style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup> August, Catherine married Léandre Leducq (born 1768) in Simencourt, a village near Arras. The witnesses to their marriage were, among others, Charles-Louis-Alexis Deshorties (her brother) and Gabriel Du Rut, widower of Robespierre’s other aunt Aimable-Aldegonde-Henriette (1736-1791).<br />
Hamel mentions only that Mlle Deshorties married “M Leducq”, and given that he mistakes her first name, he might as well write about Catherine’s sister Marie-Louise-Constance (1766-1858), who married another Leducq, Pierre-Louis-Augustin (1770-1843), in May 1794 (floréal an II).<br />
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Robert-Franҫois Deshorties, then justice of peace in Arras, died in December 1792. Léandre Leducq was, like many men of his family, a lawyer, but he seems not to have worked as such but having floated about here and there, being mayor of Saint-Nicolas in 1800 to 1802, before finally, becoming a justice of peace in Arras as well. He and Catherine had at least two children, Xénophon, born in 1796 (14 prairial an IV), who was an oils fabricant and married his cousin, Constance’s daughter Joséphine-Constance-Eulalie in 1820, and Léandre, born on January 1<sup style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">st </sup>1799. The two sons were born in different villages near Arras, suggesting that the Leducqs moved around a bit. They seem to have been well-to-do, though, as they lived in a house with a large garden. In 1813, Leducq père escorted his younger son Léandre to college in his convertible (as I said: well off), when he suddenly died. His widow raised their children and got, according to Hamel, a little bitter. Nevertheless, she did a good job, Léandre fils was a brilliant student and studied law in Paris. He became a distinguished and honoured lawyer, was a noted republican and defended the liberty of press in nine different cases. He married in 1837 a woman named Primerose Sy and had a son, Frédéric and a daughter, Marie. Léandre died in 1880. His mother Catherine, had died in 1847, on 28<sup style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup>April.</div>
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And that is all I have found out so far about that woman who shared some time of Robespierre’s pre-revolutionary youth. If it was her, at least.</div>
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<a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k55303054%2F&t=NGY4MDczYWY3Njk1YzhjNmYzY2VmZTYzZWM3ODc4NzljN2ZlMWExNCx0YUtoakVySQ%3D%3D" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Here</a> is the work on the Family Leducq.</div>
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And <a href="http://t.umblr.com/redirect?z=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Frnord_0035-2624_1958_num_40_157_5513_t1_0126_0000_2&t=MmYyNjMyNTUwOGM0MTk3ZmRjMmMzOTE0ZTBkMDJjZjA4ZjhiYjlkMix0YUtoakVySQ%3D%3D" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">this</a> is the review by Louis Jacob.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-89952456876434943852016-02-15T11:55:00.001-08:002020-04-14T03:17:50.454-07:00<div class="post_title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: Gibson, 'Helvetica Neue', HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 47px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Lenin warns against Stalin: a personal conflict</div>
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In his Letter to the Bolshevik Party Congress, written in Winter 1922/1923, and afterwards known as his “Last Testament”, Lenin wrote about Stalin: </div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“ Comrade Stalin, having become Secretary-General, has unlimited authority concentrated in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution.“ (on 24th December 1922)</i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaukx7vcz_aULY9fkI-OeCrMNIu773LrJ-BasXKyNi8CAD-qnQ3VGiAee5P7ye5fEXrgC3akd3F-pkX3Z_ws-xM0w_I5SB2s5VprsCyoYsQi8kdTdXo09L147UV9LD0x7xA6hNiJfybLR9/s1600/Wladimir-Iljitsch-Lenin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaukx7vcz_aULY9fkI-OeCrMNIu773LrJ-BasXKyNi8CAD-qnQ3VGiAee5P7ye5fEXrgC3akd3F-pkX3Z_ws-xM0w_I5SB2s5VprsCyoYsQi8kdTdXo09L147UV9LD0x7xA6hNiJfybLR9/s320/Wladimir-Iljitsch-Lenin.jpg" width="212" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lenin in 1923</td></tr>
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He had already criticised Stalin for his “Great-Russian chauvinism” and disdain towards the right to self-determination of the peoples in the Soviet Union, but this political struggle became much more personal: Only few days before Lenin wrote the passage I quoted above, and unknown to him at that time, Stalin had become abusive towards Lenin’s wife and close political companion Nadezhda Krupskaya. Krupskaya wrote to an old comrade, Lev Kamenev, on 23rd December 1922:</div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“LEV BORISOVICH!</i></div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Because of a short letter which I had written in words dictated to me by Vladimir Ilyich [Lenin] by permission of the doctors, Stalin allowed himself yesterday an unusually rude outburst directed at me.</i></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">This is not my first day in the Party. During all these 30 years I have never heard one word of rudeness from any comrade. The Party’s and Ilyich’s business is no less dear to me than to Stalin. I need maximum self-control right now. What one can and what one cannot discuss with Ilyich I know better than any doctor, because I know what makes him nervous and what does not. In any case I know [it] better than Stalin. I am turning to you and to Grigory [Zinoviev] as much closer comrades of V[ladimir] I[lyich]. I beg you to protect me from rude interference with my private life and from vile invectives and threats. I have no doubt what the Control Commission’s unanimous decision [in this matter], with which Stalin sees fit to threaten me, will be. However I have neither strength nor time to waste on this foolish quarrel. And I am a human being and my nerves are strained to the utmost.</i></div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">N. KRUPSKAYA”<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioEjSk9qf_e-bM1YKNX8wyxwdXxkTI6AAwixZEVTBXWoRLMyOSK-YfSyn00D4EzqeD3aRX95awcTr8rH9cwPuOOj4lKVFfLRrb3LFd6LNK-BRxtt8IonvfUBEMKIbyGSEuNulyp0Fk0TdD/s1600/ioz.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioEjSk9qf_e-bM1YKNX8wyxwdXxkTI6AAwixZEVTBXWoRLMyOSK-YfSyn00D4EzqeD3aRX95awcTr8rH9cwPuOOj4lKVFfLRrb3LFd6LNK-BRxtt8IonvfUBEMKIbyGSEuNulyp0Fk0TdD/s320/ioz.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kamenev, Lenin and Zinoviev in 1922</td></tr>
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Lenin may have known about the conflict when he added to his Letter, on 4th January 1923:</div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“ Stalin is too rude and this defect, although quite tolerable in our midst and in dealing among us Communists, becomes intolerable in a Secretary-General. That is why I suggest that the comrades think about a way of removing Stalin from that post and appointing another man in his stead who in all other respects differs from Comrade Stalin in having only one advantage, namely, that of being more tolerant, more loyal, more polite and more considerate to the comrades, less capricious, etc”</i></div>
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However, it may be that this addition is unrelated to Stalin’s outburst against Krupskaya, and Lenin learned about the incident only some months later, for it was only on 5th March 1923 that he wrote a very angry personal letter to Stalin about that matter:</div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“Top secret <br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none 0px;" />Personal Copy to Comrades Kamenev and Zinoviev </i></div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dear Comrade Stalin:</i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDpFJw4dEDUroOxHAj8n5Rz3p_kCFXG-xNiwh0d9UpqQeCAoX-nCWv8V-Ge_WzZYt4Nv2bMBOx18eWDVIMviYAOZ_6N6bfet0GztSVWMbxHChI9eNhfjgUnFrLC5xaEZtI2E8b8GEKl8QC/s1600/51P0cvOzLfL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDpFJw4dEDUroOxHAj8n5Rz3p_kCFXG-xNiwh0d9UpqQeCAoX-nCWv8V-Ge_WzZYt4Nv2bMBOx18eWDVIMviYAOZ_6N6bfet0GztSVWMbxHChI9eNhfjgUnFrLC5xaEZtI2E8b8GEKl8QC/s320/51P0cvOzLfL.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lenin and Krupskaya, 1922</td></tr>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">You have been so rude as to summon my wife to the telephone and use bad language. Although she had told you that she was prepared to forget this, the fact nevertheless became known through her to Zinoviev and Kamenev. I have no intention of forgetting so easily what has been done against me, and it goes without saying that what has been done against my wife I consider having been done against me as well. I ask you, therefore, to think it over whether you are prepared to withdraw what you have said and to make your apologies, or whether you prefer that relations between us should be broken off.</i></div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Respectfully yours, <br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; outline: none 0px;" />Lenin</i></div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">March 5, 1923″</i></div>
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A few days after this letter, Lenin suffered another stroke that left him unable to work and to speak. He died in January 1924. His comrades, Stalin as well as Kamenev, Zinoviev and Trotsky, but against Krupskaya’s protest, decided not to publish his “Last Testament”. It was only published in 1956, during De-Stalinisation, as well as the personal letters by Krupskaya and Lenin.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-61317226153718786462016-02-15T11:43:00.004-08:002016-07-15T01:19:24.587-07:00<div class="post_title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: Gibson, 'Helvetica Neue', HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 47px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Robespierre on women’s intellectual capacities, or Robey likes Bluestockings</div>
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In 1787, the Académie of Arras, a savvy society then in fashion all over Europe, decided to open its doors to women as well. Only few academies had done so until then, and this progress was short-lived, as Napoleon forbid to the academies to welcome women among its members. However, back in the Old Regime era, the Arras academy admitted, among some male savants, Marie Le Masson Le Golft (1749-1828) and Louise-Félicité de Kéralio (1757-1821), later a rather un-feminist jacobine. In his virtue as the academy’s president, it was Robespierre’s task to welcome the new members. He profited from this opportunity to examine the benefits of a general admission of women to the academies for the academies, for women and for society as a whole. This resulted in a long speech. This speech was first printed in 1974 in the Annales Historiques de la Révolution Franҫaise. It is notable that it would be anachronistic to qualify Robespierre as a “feminist” here, as the term was only coined 100 years later and within a society that was, indeed, shaped not least by Robespierre himself during Revolution, namely a society based on democratic legitimation, but made no sense in an Old Regime society. His thoughts were not uncontested and rather progressive, though. He did not argue that women and men were equal, but intrinsicly different, though with the same intellectual capacities. His main argument seems to be that the presence of women “civilises” men and encourage them to even more efforts and merits. Thus, an active participation of women would be less important than a passive presence. Robespierre is highly heteronormative here: women are the “more interesting sex” - in men’s eyes. Because of that “empire” (ascendency) they possess over men (a very sexualised ascendency, as it seems) they spurn men towards social progress. Thus, women may be the motor of progress, as Robespierre suggests - but it is nevertheless men who are the drivers. Not very feministic in our nowadays’ eyes… I will quote only some passages from this rather circumlocutory speech.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIsMWFDNq4SvM7xtaN8Yo9zb-Hs9zllq1VYOe3JsjJFThyphenhyphenefIy7Yu7foDoPJ-XRgPcM5QnPdpb9QH43x-DT1nZxIFh5nGsTVJK0hC399fhh4GnVoKgGn7OC8j5muBwQhiyCgcw4ME3U5Qd/s1600/robespierre-blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIsMWFDNq4SvM7xtaN8Yo9zb-Hs9zllq1VYOe3JsjJFThyphenhyphenefIy7Yu7foDoPJ-XRgPcM5QnPdpb9QH43x-DT1nZxIFh5nGsTVJK0hC399fhh4GnVoKgGn7OC8j5muBwQhiyCgcw4ME3U5Qd/s320/robespierre-blog.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“[…] This proposition could itself seem paradoxical, I know that a favorable view towards the sex [i.e. women] is suspicious even for those who vaunt their wisdom and seriousness; everything that bears the trace of sadness and austerity presents in their eyes the character of reason and men are generally drawn to view the useful and the pleasant as essentially divided. […] But why do I expect lively disagreements on this point? What are the most powerful reasons to force us to relinquish the sweetest of advantages? Will I have to fight those who, in sentencing all women to ignorance and frippery, will scandalise everything that assumes in them a taste in useful knowledges? I will well beware of renewing that big question which would itself be the scandal of an enlightened century. […] Prejudices are the plague of the world and sciences are its remedy. [….] One will never convince univers that the intelligent being, the being which reason and capacity for perfection distinguishes it from other beings could not perfect its reason, widen the bounds of its intelligence and develop its noblest abilities without becoming more spiteful and more unhappy in proportion to the progress of its enlightenment. But if one only grants women reason and intelligence can one deny them the right to cultivate them? The particular differences which characterise the both sexes could well determine the type of studies that suits them, but not forbid one of them the care of perfecting the abilities that are common to the whole human nature. [I shorten the argumentation here: Robespierre thinks that the “abstract sciences” are more for men, while women could ably dabble in literature, history and ethics. Ok, that was mean, he does not say “dabble” but “pick flowers”.] […] Nature has given each sex their own talents. Man’s genius has more strength and upliftment; that of woman more sensitiveness and pleasantnesses [”délicatesse et agréments”]. The perfection of the labours of human spirit consist in the union between these diverse qualities and the means to gather them is to associate women to literary companies. […] After that, imagine a society where one would see the most amiable and wittiest women chat with enlightened men on the most pleasant and most interesting ojbects that could engage beings made to think and to feel. [Note that the women are sort of excellent (superlatives!) while men just need to be “enlightened”, hum…] Ah! if those who have no other merit than the kindness of their sex can spread so much sweetness on life’s commerces, which will then be that of those who, unencumbered by the false disgrace of appearing well-read, without blushing on being more loveable and more enlightened would boldly in an interesting talk the alacrity of a delicate mind and the favours of a laughing imagination [? other translations of “riante” welcome] and the charms of a cultivated reason! It is an obligation that comes with their position as citizeness that does not allow them to refuse their patrie a service so important and which is so easy to render [i.e. for Arras women to attend at least one yearly meeting of the Arras academy]. There is more to it: it is a duty of their sex, because heaven has not lavished all the skills on them that embellish them just to be an unheeded decoration in the univers, but to contribute to society’s glory and happiness.”</i></div>
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Ferdinand Dubois-Fosseux, secretary to the academy, circulated Robespierre’s speech among affiliated societies. He received several responses, most of them adversing Robespierre’s opinion on the inclusion of women into academies (some of them argued, of course, that women’s complexion was to fragile for intellectual labour), mostly because this work would divert them from their household duties or would make them seem boring (I can affirm, that is the case!), or it would turn learnt women into unmarrigeable bluestockings. </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-40596972753716559172016-02-15T11:16:00.002-08:002016-07-15T01:18:39.725-07:00<div class="post_title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: Gibson, 'Helvetica Neue', HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 47px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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A letter of friendship to Bonbon Robespierre</h2>
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<i>Arras, the 30th messidor year II</i><br />
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<i>Fellow citizen and friend,</i></div>
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<i>What has it been a long time since I have received a letter of yours; after a sad and exhausting illness, about five months ago, I had sent you a long epistle to Paris, that, to all appearance, has not reached you, for I have learnt shortly after that you have not been anylonger in the big city when my letter arrived there. Since then I could have been in doubt abbout your existence, if the goddess of the hundred voices had not, in publishing the seize of Toulon and the heroic deeds of our French Republicans, had not taught me at the same time how much you, by your example, have contributed to stirr the activity of our soldiers. After that memorable epoch you followed your military path and you went through it so far that I who had for a long time only the vastness of a bedroom, believed you at the end of the world. Now that you have returned to the banks of the Seine, I would like you to spent, if only the quarter of an hour, some time to converse with me, and to give me some signs of your moral and physical existence. I am much sorry that I have not come to Paris some days later, I would have had the sweet satisfaction to embrace you there, but I am lucky in nothing and the only thing that is given to me is to enjoy the happiness of my equals with whom I can identify myself easily. Charlotte Robespierre had promised me to give me a note as soon as you return to the capital. Since I have received no letter of hers on that subject, nor another letter of which she should have pointed out the reception, I figured out (as several persons have assured me) that you would come to Arras and that this was the reason for your sister’s silence. If it was possible that my hopes would be realised, I summon you, in the name of friendship, to take up lodgings at Régis’. You will remember that, in one of your previous letters, you invited me very cordially to preserve you my friendship: it is granted you for a long time, my dear Bonbon, but I inform you that you will only keep it to the conditions I just imposed on you. But if I would be deceived in such a sweet expectation, I will try to comfort myself in thinking that the true friends of the Patrie need to sacrifice her even the most affectionate sentiments of nature. If it is not possible for you to come and see your friends, tell me for how long you think you’ll stay in Paris. I will talk to you about a matter that concerns me as much as my coheirs and which is still in the office of our District. I have left a memoir for you with the citizeness Charlotte.</i></div>
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<i>If you should see Isabelle Canone before I write to her, tell her that she will receive my letter in a short while. I have to be very occupied indeed for I have not found the moment to answer her last two letters. This would be the place to tell you about my journey to Paris if I wasn’t sure that one has taken care to teach you about it and that a citizeness, who on herself is more worth than a committee, had added to that a half-caustically jesting comment. However the case may be, I haven given to the citizeness Canone a great proof of devotion, and one of that kind, I dare say, that none of her friends would have been inclined to do given the circumstances in which she found herself. Nevertheless I had the grief to see that of all persons who had knowledge of my proceeding she was the one to have felt it the least. This undeniable indifference will not hinder me to be useful to her and to serve her with the same zeal on every occasion, for it is in my heart to oblige the unfortunates under the purview of my power. In the manner she announced me that she intends to return to Arras I believe it does not occur to her to give her friends a deliberative vote even in matters where they would have the right to give their opinion and where their counsil could be useful to her.<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg__dtvhWZ2u5tI3tGtom5zVBNgB2atVLOa9COsml4gB9sboSpkHw_XmUAtYJ4ATOTqGqWwYA7l91T0HirLRivA5u2cjRTMKWZDjpvIbk8wx9htM0iVKx5krQtP1B4QvChNTVojocsd4fbn/s1600/tumblr_nw86n0cbqi1rqc0eao1_500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg__dtvhWZ2u5tI3tGtom5zVBNgB2atVLOa9COsml4gB9sboSpkHw_XmUAtYJ4ATOTqGqWwYA7l91T0HirLRivA5u2cjRTMKWZDjpvIbk8wx9htM0iVKx5krQtP1B4QvChNTVojocsd4fbn/s320/tumblr_nw86n0cbqi1rqc0eao1_500.jpg" width="251" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Augustin "Bonbon" Robespierre</td></tr>
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<i>What will I charge you with saying to Maximilien? Will I beg you to recall me to his remembrance? And where will you find the private man? Entirely belonging to the Patrie and the great interests of the entire humankind, Robespierre has ceased to exist for his friends. The human species that has been enslaved by the caste of tyrants has infinite obligations towards men of this kind, but the sensitive man, the disciple of Fénélon and of Jean-Jacques, feels that the earth would be for him a solitude if it had as inhabitants only men of this character.</i></div>
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<i>Let’s pass onto less serious matters. All the friends are well. The honest Buissart, prophet of the Revolution, who, counting on the infallibility of his political barometers (since he has barometers of all kinds), wants to have always forseen the most important events six months beforehand, who, by his wisdom and his physico-political sagacity has anounced for two months the decline of the city of Arras, which, according to him, the revolutionary government, similar to boiling lava, will transform into a desert covered with ashes; well, the brave Buissart is still alive; he awaits with resignation that it will please the legislative power, wich means, his wife, to return honoring him with her presence. He hopes that, after she has given to the Committe of Public Safety every instruction to which her deep knowledge in politics grant their justness, she will come home to her Penates and take up the reins of domestic government and win back the occupations that the author of nature has particularly assigned to women. The doctor of Montpellier is rather well for a 70 year old, he will keep his boisterous vivacity until the last hour. Your relative Duruts [Du Rut] and his family enjoy good health. I believe that it is the same with your uncle Carault [Carraut] and his children. One of your cousins was about to marry one month ago. Everything was settled, the day fixed, the brothers informed, when suddenly an unfavourable wind arose, the beloved sweetheart saw his esperances being engulfed in the fierce sea of women. Ah! It is such a terrible thing, my dear Bonbon, that this Shetonien is the devil to pay. The eldest of the Carault is amiable and of an excellent character. I was sometimes tempted to line me up, but this frightening Tonien has always disconcerted me.</i></div>
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<i>To leave this important topic to say a word to you about our victories, a happy transition. The successes of our armies would be marvelous indeed if we could just forget for one instance the difference between the slave who battles for his master and the citizen who fights for freedom. Although my heart widens at the news of each of our victories, I admit that I am not without slight worrying when I think of the way in which the Belgians treated the French after the withdrawal of this infamous Dumouriez. In my opinion, we would do good if we treat them as ennemies while observing the regards they have ground to expect from our generosity and wait with treating them as brothers until we knoew their true feelings. Besides, the observations to which a Régis Deshorties is capable have surely not escaped the pervasive eye of the Committee. Its activity and its foresight make themself noticeable in every part of the Republic. Embrace for me Charlotte Robespierre and her friends and receive the tender regards of you devoted fellow citizen and heartfelt friend.</i></div>
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<i>F.-R. Deshorties</i></div>
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The letter may have been one of the last letters Augustin Robespierre received. Its sender, François-Régis Deshorties, was his cousin, the step-son of his aunt Eulalie Robespierre-Deshorties. I don’t know much about him, he may have been born in 1759, and was an administrator of the Pas-de-Calais during the Republic (a successor of Lebas’). As his letter shows, he was before all a sensitive and lively friend of the Robespierres, an ironic and witty contemporary, and, as his sorrowful account suggests, a quite unlucky lover. As to the persons he mentions in his letter, I don’t know anything about Isabelle Canone (nor does Mathiez, who first published the letter). “Buissart” is Antoine-Joseph Buissart (1737-1820), a former colleague and close friend of the Robespierres, and his wife Charlotte Billion, who had been in Paris to make a complaint on Le Bon. The “doctor of Montpellier” seems to be Gabriel-François Du Rut, widower of another Robespierre aunt and a medicin. Obviously, there was more family on his side, but I don’t know anything about them. The uncle Carraut refers to the Robespierres’ uncle on their mother’s side, Augustin-Isidore Carraut (1737-1815). Artari suggests that “Tonien” is a ch’ti nickname for “Augustin”; “Shetonien” would then mean “cet Augustin” in the Northern France dialect. As to his descendance, I have only found one surviving daughter, Sabine-Joseph-Fraude, born in 1771, who was his youngest, and not eldest daughter.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-38796462775261665622016-02-15T11:15:00.003-08:002016-02-15T11:44:49.606-08:00<div class="reblog-title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: Gibson, 'Helvetica Neue', HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 47px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Lovey-dovey Père Duchesne</div>
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Jacques-René Hébert to his sisters in Alençon, announcing his wedding to Françoise Goupil, which took place in February 1792:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXqaPP9mO1bhteeNP0fMTVlxIZo9WWH2mNhq7ebmdPaDskQzH3l9RR9_k242Ybz99XwkSHKpHw3cJibP36K-xUVttx-Ht37bK2aoP_fvQc3BU3za7r8i9V2xDVIpBdIyw3VZbr1fVkhb2I/s1600/220px-Hebert-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXqaPP9mO1bhteeNP0fMTVlxIZo9WWH2mNhq7ebmdPaDskQzH3l9RR9_k242Ybz99XwkSHKpHw3cJibP36K-xUVttx-Ht37bK2aoP_fvQc3BU3za7r8i9V2xDVIpBdIyw3VZbr1fVkhb2I/s1600/220px-Hebert-1.jpg" /></a><i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“My situation, although exhausting due to the mass of occupations with which I am charged, becomes happier with every day. I have to let you know, my dear friends, of the alliance I am contracting with a young damsel who is very amiable and of an excellent character.That would make enough advantages, and if she was devoid of any resources it would render the one whom I love not less dear; but t<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">o gratify my happiness, she has enough fortune to be undisturbed about her lot if death should part us.</i> . … I am very certain that you will like my loveable intended. She is very religious, in the old style I would say she is a person in the proper way. … This damsel’s name is Goupil: She has, until now, passed her whole life in the nunnery. Through her personal qualities and the advantages that she enjoys she could aspire to a much richer party as I am; but my good fortune has given me preference over several competitors.” </i></div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“She has much piety left; and as I love her tenderly, I do not vex her about that subject at all but limit myself simply to some jokes.”</i></div>
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And, after the marriage, he assures his sister:</div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“I am well and happy. United to a wifes that combines all good properties to the charms of wit, whose education is complete, the character perfect, I am leading the sweetest, most peaceful life. … My wife desires a lot to know you. When our affairs will be more settled we will invite you to make a jouney to Paris where we will keep you as long as it will be possible for us.”</i></div>
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As to her, Françoise writes to her sister-in-law on 24th July 1792:</div>
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<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“If Mr Hébert is good enough to make his happiness consist in the possession of mine, it is truly me, Mademoiselle, who could assure without mercy that I am perfectly happy with him who gives me every day anew proofs of his tenderness, I am bearing the precious pawn for this in my bosom since three months, he would like that it will be like me and I want it to be like his father: this is the eternel subjects of our disagreements. We agree much easier on the desire to have you as a witness of our love, and it is not our fault if it doesn’t settle soon.”</i></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-37120791073806762062016-02-15T11:12:00.002-08:002016-07-15T01:39:51.241-07:00<div class="reblog-title" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: Gibson, 'Helvetica Neue', HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 36px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 47px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Françoise Goupil, Mère Duchesne</div>
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I have always had a soft spot for Mme Hébert, Françoise Goupil. It is difficult to reconstruct her life, for very few has been written about her, and when, it has been with the intention to disparage her husband. So, here is what can be found on her. This is basically an edited version of <a href="http://briefbuch2punkt0.blogspot.lu/2012/04/fran-coisegoupil-ou-la-femme-hebert.html#more" target="_blank">this blog entry</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAkLLlbx72nBfDMKQkUUOtjQ9XPM9BnJqV9niHsM0qlMBFReq4kTgJVFSWzmZhgU6U-s1pMwHo-aijFYU86sD1GKxLda-7SO5TECp0OEa3cE7f5Azfvcq_3cLvQ5xpZHhKrVYbo7RZ63N8/s1600/Jacques_Ren%25C3%25A9_H%25C3%25A9bert.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAkLLlbx72nBfDMKQkUUOtjQ9XPM9BnJqV9niHsM0qlMBFReq4kTgJVFSWzmZhgU6U-s1pMwHo-aijFYU86sD1GKxLda-7SO5TECp0OEa3cE7f5Azfvcq_3cLvQ5xpZHhKrVYbo7RZ63N8/s1600/Jacques_Ren%25C3%25A9_H%25C3%25A9bert.JPG" /></a>Marie-Marguerite-Françoise Goupil was born in 1756, probably in January, as the daughter of Jacques Goupil, a merchant in lingeries, and his second wife Marie-Louise Morel. After the early death of her husband, Mme Goupil continues the merchandise of her husband, until her own death in 1781. Françoise was raised in the convent de la Conception in the rue Saint-Honoré. At some time unknown she took the veil as Sister of the Providence in this convent. It is not clear, however, whether this was before or after her mother’s death. In 1782 she received a life annuity by Le Veneur de Tillières, seigneur de Carrouge over 600FF. Her relationship with him is completely unclear. At least, at that time she already was a nun. Hébert declared that his wife-to-be had spent her entire life in the nunnery. Françoise seems to have been very well educated; it has been said that she was a teacher to the Duplay daughters, who were raised in the convent. In April 1790 nuns and monks were released from religious vows by the order of the National Assembly. Almost every sister in the convent declared her intention to stick to her vow, only Françoise confessed that she would have to think about it. In 1791 she had left the nunnery and installed herself in a flat in the rue Saint-Antoine. She possesed the 600FF annuity and 700FF annually as a state recompense for former clergypersons. An enthusiast about the revolutionary process, ardent patriot, she was active in the Société fraternelle des Patriotes de l'un et l'autre sexe, a very cool revolutionary club which was close to the Jacobins, but more popular and admitting women, and thus even more radical. Among its members were Etta Palm, Pauline Léon, Anne-Josèphe Théroigne, Manon Roland and Louise-Félicité Kéralio. Hébert was also a member, and it is certain that it was in the club where he and Franҫoise met.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiflmnk2PRIQ2yHD77L_syxb15CM3t2rDQl5OdFbNFsg98RveuC-LfuQ2uEZz7y6GEynFIxzdcDJtZbYxvfr3yG61-X2ipdKdJqR0ppaGO8YbPpKLsKTAoiiCac4LeSzYn2AVAUgTSkoVoP/s1600/234622.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiflmnk2PRIQ2yHD77L_syxb15CM3t2rDQl5OdFbNFsg98RveuC-LfuQ2uEZz7y6GEynFIxzdcDJtZbYxvfr3yG61-X2ipdKdJqR0ppaGO8YbPpKLsKTAoiiCac4LeSzYn2AVAUgTSkoVoP/s1600/234622.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Héberts' appartment</td></tr>
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There have been numerous speculations on why the clergy-hating Hébert would have married a former nun, who remained a devout catholic throughout her life. It seems to be unbelievable to some historians (if we would like to call them „historians“) that the Père Duchesne would be able to have sentiments as love and tenderness. Actually, that seems to have been the case, as the letters by Hébert and his newly-wed to his sisters suggest (see my translation of some excerpts <a href="http://valeria-lagrimas.tumblr.com/post/127184268396/lovey-dovey-p%C3%A8re-duchesne" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">here</a>). <span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;">The two of them married between the end of 1791 and the beginning of 1792 in church. Prudhomme, who did not like the Héberts, descibed Franҫoise as a „big spider“. Her passport says that she was short, with brown hair and regular features. Besides her education and wit, she seems to have been rather outspoken and did not always agree with her husband, for example on religous questions. On the other hand they shared many political and social views. She may have been the author of some issues of the „Mère Duchesne“, a name by which Hébert sometimes referred to her. The “Mère Duchesne” appeared only a few times but was outspoken in stirring women’s political activism for the sake of the Revolution and of “the rights of the woman”. Even after her marriage she remained active in the Société fraternelle des Patriotes de l'un et l'autre sexe. On the September Massacres in 1792, she wrote to her sister that she was so horrified by this event that she almost died: “I believe that only the law can beat the culprits, but until then I will cover them with my body.” At first, Hébert moved to her in the rue Saint-Antoine, but soon, Franҫoise searched for a new flat on the Cour de Miracles as well as a new editor for the „Père Duchesne“ (declaring that her husband was too dumb after a long day’s work). She even became one of the financiers of the journal and thus gained some influence upon its content. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjam05uYtrPF25_WNDBd-Yf53MRkKLbP6zlxwxxdQiVUuCXqsjGAQqgvPAkP4cEqPYkqeiET-S-Ho6LcyCrEJ0hZXl1yzcyw0lEg5GO2jAcGFswDePMAdz72DNA39-1eM116Vr20ArZqgS4/s1600/Titien_Emmaus_Louvre400.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjam05uYtrPF25_WNDBd-Yf53MRkKLbP6zlxwxxdQiVUuCXqsjGAQqgvPAkP4cEqPYkqeiET-S-Ho6LcyCrEJ0hZXl1yzcyw0lEg5GO2jAcGFswDePMAdz72DNA39-1eM116Vr20ArZqgS4/s200/Titien_Emmaus_Louvre400.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Presumably, a copy of this painting hang<br /> on the wall in the Héberts' appartment</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;">On February 7</span><sup style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"> 1793</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;">, Franҫoise’s and Jacques-René’s daughter was born. She was named Scipion-Virginie and baptised civilly, against her mother’s wishes. Hébert describes her as “as pretty as love”. Few hours after her husband’s arrest, Franҫoise was put into prison as well, leaving her baby with a relative. After Hébert’s execution, his widow demanded permission to return home to her daughter, her demand, however, remained unanswered. She befriended Lucile Desmoulins, with whom she was put to trial and found guilty of having participated in Hébert’s counterrevolutionary actions. After her conviction, Franҫoise declared herself pregnant for three months, but after an examination, the prison physician assured that he found no sign of pregnancy, „quite on the contrary“, and that there was no reason to postpone the execution, which took place on 24 Germinal. Testimonials on her behaviour on her way to the guillotine differ, some saying that she chatted calmly with Lucile, others assuring that she was more dead than alive and had to be dragged onto the scaffold.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDk_wehzhQFYSvCMapWGOLTXvc-KaiBjCBRe_rMYxuarbucIy1jojk47LQzgu32z-OQxVhb31Xov-5sWL1wq9Rwd0Wn7fwvDZUFRhFiGLsxd1-dFq0eCYJTtBTrHcCPyPTa1VvWKc2VMJm/s1600/8OX7nzpaTtfQuYtzqf1TP5KqhuQ.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDk_wehzhQFYSvCMapWGOLTXvc-KaiBjCBRe_rMYxuarbucIy1jojk47LQzgu32z-OQxVhb31Xov-5sWL1wq9Rwd0Wn7fwvDZUFRhFiGLsxd1-dFq0eCYJTtBTrHcCPyPTa1VvWKc2VMJm/s200/8OX7nzpaTtfQuYtzqf1TP5KqhuQ.jpg" width="136" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Françoise's execution, as depicted in the <br />1989 movie La Revolution Française</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;">As to the Scipion-Virginie, she was reknowned a „child of the Patrie“ and raised by different relatives and friends of her parents. She became an under-mistress of school and married at the young age of sixteen a protestant pastor, Jean-Frédéric-Louis Née (1784-1856), after being baptised protestant, in December 1809. The couple had six children, three of them survived childhood and none of them had issue. Virginie was very active in promoting protestantism (and thus probably vexing both of her parents) and became the vice-president of a biblical society of women, dedicated to early christian revivalism. She was active in tieing relations with protestants in Northern France. Contemporaries say she was a “tall beautiful blonde” as well as “amiable, good and devoted” Virginie died on 11</span><sup style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit;"> July 1830 in Paris.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-22744197341193089372013-12-30T07:09:00.002-08:002016-02-15T11:12:47.985-08:00<h2>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Das autoimmunkranke Gesicht der Populärwissenschaft</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisH_B7-8GyZlEX6bjx1qfVRWw7bsF4iF1C34GjbbD_4HtqiMbRwNPlVbnLkFyrT1kaFd7FLZk-tv5K1xxfxk0l2tCaNQaKea4Qi6bvRJr5H0-nFWW6lEZR4RLicg4Xvqk8kiT17M4JHcrl/s1600/6769503.png.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; font-size: small; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisH_B7-8GyZlEX6bjx1qfVRWw7bsF4iF1C34GjbbD_4HtqiMbRwNPlVbnLkFyrT1kaFd7FLZk-tv5K1xxfxk0l2tCaNQaKea4Qi6bvRJr5H0-nFWW6lEZR4RLicg4Xvqk8kiT17M4JHcrl/s200/6769503.png.jpg" width="200" /></a>Ja, die historische Republik Frankreich hat eine neue Diskussion um Robespierre eröffnet, in der alle ihre Meinung kundtun dürfen, vor allem, wenn sie persönliche Befindlichkeiten betrifft und nichts mit der Sache zu tun hat. Aktuell haben zwei französische Forensiker, Philippe Charlier und Philippe Froesch, gleich zwei Coups geliefert: erst haben sie anhand der Totenmaske Robespierres, die von Madame Tussaud angefertigt wurde und aktuell im Musée Granet in Aix-en-Provence aufbewahrt wird, ein "lebensgetreues" 3D-Modell angefertigt (<a href="http://www.visualforensic.com/VisualforensicRobespierre.html" target="_blank">hier</a>), das Ergebnis selbst sei "beunruhigend". Wie zu erwarten, hat sie die Französische interessierte Öffentlichkeit in mehrere Lager gespalten: Robespierrist_innen, die eine Tradition thermidorianischer Entstellung feststellen, Antirobespierrist_innen, die die Hässlichkeit der Seele nun treffend dargestellt finden, und die Verteidiger_innen der beiden Forensiker. Spuren dieses Disputes finden sich auch in Deutschland, wie ein Blick in die Kommentarliste bei <a href="http://www.spiegel.de/gesundheit/diagnose/raetselhafter-patient-revolutionaer-koennte-erster-sarkoidose-fall-sein-a-940281.html" target="_blank">SPON</a> zeigt. Ach ja, bei der Rekonstruktion "Robespierres" ist Charlier und Froesch auch die Idee einer neuen Diagnose gekommen: ihm wird nun die Ehre zuteil, der älteste bekannte Sarkoidose-Patient zu sein. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Es sind zwei Aspekte, die mir an der Arbeit Charliers und Froeschs problematisch erscheinen, und deren Problematik die gleiche Ursache haben. Der erste betrifft die Rekonstruktion selber. Froesch hat sich, nach eigenen Angaben und unübersehbar, an der Totenmaske orientiert, die Marie Großholtz, bekannter als Madame Tussaud, von dem guillotinierten Robespierre abgenommen haben soll. Schwierig daran: diese Maske, die in verschiedenen (erneuerten) Versionen existiert, ist von zweifelhafter Echtheit (zur Diskussion: <a href="http://rodama1789.blogspot.de/2013/10/madame-tussauds-head-of-robespierre.html" target="_blank">hier</a>). Zum einen dürften die Thermidorianer, die die Leiche Robespierres und seiner Gefährten mit </span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">gelöschtem Kalk bedeckten, damit vom Tyrannen nichts überbleiben solle, kaum ein Interesse an seiner authentischen Totenmaske gehabt haben. Zum zweiten dürfte diese auch nicht leicht zu erstellen gewesen sein: bekanntlich hatte Robespierre eine schwere Schusswunde in der linken Wange. Die Kugel hatte seinen Kiefer zerschmettert und das Gesicht anschwellen lassen. Der Unterkiefer habe sich, wie Zeitgenossen versichern, kurz vor der Hinrichtung vom Oberkiefer gelöst, als Sanson den Verband abgenommen habe (nachzulesen </span><a href="http://www.biusante.parisdescartes.fr/sfhad/vol11/2006_01.pdf" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;" target="_blank">hier</a><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">, S. 8f.). Selbst wenn unter diesen widrigen Umständen eine Maske abgenommen worden wäre, hätte sie kaum ein getreues Abbild Robespierres vor dem 10. Thermidor abgeben können.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Der Realitätsgehalt der 3D-Rekonstruktion von Froeschs Robespierre ist also eher fraglich, und wir wissen letztlich nicht besser, wie Robespierre ausgesehen hat, als vorher schon.</span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: left; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP58tW6QjiFF-xK2UwhOqi3zhznKnh1ODNp13gPRa9Z0wMoO4kA1k6ALHAWHBWABCijW778wyiAhUYrpYDqspdHYR71dNb8ORl3hI0spSi0yCC0RIjsbOAvWd5DIo_t2HRD4fqcbbDlv7t/s1600/tumblr_luyyxyuZH61qifapbo1_500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP58tW6QjiFF-xK2UwhOqi3zhznKnh1ODNp13gPRa9Z0wMoO4kA1k6ALHAWHBWABCijW778wyiAhUYrpYDqspdHYR71dNb8ORl3hI0spSi0yCC0RIjsbOAvWd5DIo_t2HRD4fqcbbDlv7t/s200/tumblr_luyyxyuZH61qifapbo1_500.jpg" width="141" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Angebliche Totenmaske Robespierres</span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Nicht weniger problematisch ist die posthume Diagnose, die Froesch und sein Kollege Charlier vor 10 Tagen in <a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2813%2962694-X/fulltext" target="_blank">The Lancet</a> vorstellten. Der zufolge soll Robespierre an der seltenen Autoimmunkrankheit Sarcoidose gelitten haben. Mangels einer Diagnose am Patienten haben sich die Forensiker auf Zeugnisse von Zeitgenossen gestützt und folgende Symptome zusammengetragen:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Probleme der Sicht </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Nasenbluten</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">gelbliche Gesichtsfarbe</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Asthenie</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Geschwüre am Bein</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Tics an Augen und Mund</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Erkrankungen der Gesichtshaut, Pockennarben </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Verschlimmerung der Symptome zwischen 1790 und 1794. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> Die meisten Symptombeschreibungen stammen weder von Robespierre selber (der lediglich, aber wiederholt, über wiederkehrende Erschöpfung klagte) noch von seinem Arzt Joseph Souberbielle. Ein Großteil der Zeugnisse stammt vielmehr aus der Zeit nach dem 10. Thermidor und haben zum Ziel, Robespierre als "Monster", als "Tyrannen" und "König" darzustellen. Dazu gehört auch Fréron, zwar Schulkamerad und hin und wieder Freund Robespierres, im Thermidor jedoch eifrig an dessen Hinrichtung beteiligt und später Anführer der reaktionären jeunesse dorée. Sein Bericht ist auch nicht zufällig Bestandteil des Reports von Edmé Courteois (dem Herzstück oben erwähnter Bemühungen). Fréron beschreibt Robespierres gelbliche Hautfarbe, eine Folge sowohl seines (unnatürlichen) Orangenkonsums und seines Übermaßes an Galle, zu Zeiten der Säftelehre bekanntlich ein Zeichen cholerischen Gemüts. Fréron ist auch Zeuge der Tics und Zuckungen Robespierres im Gesicht, die er ebenfalls als Zeichen seines niederträchtigen und tyrannischen Charakters interpretiert. Die böse Absicht mag auf tatsächlichen Beobachtungen beruhen, der offenkundig tendenziöse Bericht Frérons sollte dennoch nicht für bare Münze im wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisprozess genommen werden. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Was hingegen das Nasenbluten angeht, so ist hierfür die einzige Quelle Charliers und Froeschs Pierre Villiers, der 1802 behauptete, 1790 mal als Sekretär Robespierres agiert zu haben. Diese Behauptung wird mittlerweile von niemandem mehr geglaubt, und Villiers Beschreibung von Robespierres Kopfkissen darf getrost als frei erfunden gelten. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Bonaventure Proyart, der Robespierre als Schüler am Louis-le-Grand kennenlernte, während er selbst dort für die Verwaltung der Stipendien verantwortlich war, veröffentlichte 1795 unter einem Pseudonym die vielsagende Biographie "Vie et crimes de Robespierre, surnommé le tyran", deren oberstes Ziel darin bestand, nachzuweisen dass ein ansonsten sehr mittelmäßig begabter Robespierre sich schon von frühester Jugend an der Vernichtung von Religion, Königtum und Ordnung verschrieben hatte. Von ihm stammt die Beschreibung eines leicht (!) pockennarbigen Gesichtes. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Die Verschlimmerung der Symptome zwischen 1790 und 1794 ist eine regelrecht niedliche Feststellung: vor 1790 fehlt jeglicher Hinweis auf den medizinischen Zustand Robespierres, sowohl von ihm selbst als auch von Dritten. Mag sich der Gesundheitszustand in diesen vier Jahren verschlechtert haben - übrigens weder unverständlich noch einzigartig bei dem psychosozialen Stress eines Revolutionärs dieser Zeit - wissen wir doch schlicht gar nichts über Robespierres Gesundheit vor der Revolution.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Alles in allem können wir folgende Angaben als gesichtert annehmen: Robespierre benötigte eine Brille (wie aus der zeitgenössischen Zeichnung Gerards hervorgeht), war eher blass und hatte, wie viele Zeitgenoss_innen, die Pocken überstanden (darauf gibt es Hinweise in Portraits), litt immer wieder unter Erschöpfung und Überarbeitung (in seinen Briefen und Äußerungen bei den Jakobinern referiert er immer auf seine Erschöpfung als Folge seines Arbeitspensums!), hatte vermutlich ein Geschwür am Bein, das jedoch nicht näher beschrieben wurde, und war im Laufe der Jahre 1790 bis 1794 immer öfter wegen nicht näher spezifizierter Krankheiten ans Haus gefesselt. Wäre dieser Mann ein Zeitgenosse von uns und keine umstrittene historische Persönlichkeit, man würde ihm eher eine vorsichtige Diagnose à la Überarbeitung oder evtl. Eisenmangel antragen, keinesfalls aber eine seltene Autoimmunkrankheit, das geben verlässliche (!) Quellen einfach nicht her. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Dass historische Krankheitsdiagnosen mit Vorsicht zu genießen sind, wissen natürlich auch Charlier und Froesch, die darum nicht anstehen, ein paar andere mögliche Krankheiten vorzuschlagen: Lepra,...</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-15548274026527113022013-05-09T10:18:00.000-07:002015-11-04T11:56:11.440-08:00<br />
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">"Sagt uns um Himmels Willen, wer Robespierre war!" - Book Review</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiusNi4x9826_f4kSzUge-JowJwNaCDwSxlfwUZ5K-m9OtHPrXef2BKTZSo-8xA_0IuOJcwkM6CMsJsxK_RxSoe0EAnys84zUgLTvXaqc79mcUOXymXIgatKtfLD6SEBYIahc-5WC9LexC4/s1600/CouvRobespierreArmandColin1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiusNi4x9826_f4kSzUge-JowJwNaCDwSxlfwUZ5K-m9OtHPrXef2BKTZSo-8xA_0IuOJcwkM6CMsJsxK_RxSoe0EAnys84zUgLTvXaqc79mcUOXymXIgatKtfLD6SEBYIahc-5WC9LexC4/s1600/CouvRobespierreArmandColin1.jpg" width="128" /></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Recht
überraschend und mit nicht mehr Anlass als des Aufkaufs einiger
persönlicher Papiere durch die Französische Republik ist 2012 auch
das Jahr Maximilien Robespierres geworden. Gleich drei im zur Neige
gehenden Jahr erschienene biographische Skizzen sind ihm gewidmet:
Nach der (hier bereits besprochenen) Biographie Peter McPhees und der
Skizze Cécile Obligis ist im September eine von Michel Biard und
Philippe Bourdin herausgegebene Aufsatzsammlung mit dem Titel
„Robespierre. Portraits croisés“ erschienen. </span>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Die
Herausgeber, ihres Zeichens gegenwärtige (Biard) und vergangene
(Bourdin) Vorsitzende der Société des études robespierristes,
nehmen in ihrem Vorwort direkt Bezug nicht nur auf den mit relativ
großen öffentlichen Interesse verfolgten und etwas weniger großer
finanzieller Unterstützung einiger Tausend Bürger_innen
gewährleisteten Ankauf der Manuskripte Le Bas' und Robespierres,
sondern auch auf jüngste, nun, Verirrungen der
populärwissenschaftlichen Darstellung der Französischen Revolution
(die Zeitschrift „Historia“ titelte 2011: „Robespierre: le
psychopathe légaliste“, und der öffentlich-rechtliche Sender
<span style="color: black;">France
3</span> widmete Robespierre, dem „Henker der
Vendée“ eine Sendung). Das Fazit dieser Einleitung lautet also
wenig überraschend: die französische Öffentlichkeit scheint zwar
irgendwie zu wissen, dass Robespierre total wichtig für die
Geschichte des modernen Frankreichs ist, neigt aber noch immer dazu,
in ihm einen kalten, ins Pathologische abdriftenden Fanatiker zu
sehen. Nun ist die Entdeckung, dass die historische Persönlichkeit
XY gar nicht richtig wahrgenommen wird, nicht neu (so ziemlich jedes
Jahr, nämlich immer dann, wenn eine historische Persönlichkeit vor
soundsovielen Jahren geboren oder gestorben ist, erfahren wir das
schließlich in Feuilletons und Geschichtsheftchen aufs Neue). Es ist
auch überhaupt nicht wünschenswert, irgendeine Person einmal für
alle Zeiten „richtig“ interpretiert zu haben: die
Geschichtsschreibung lebt schließlich von ihren Neuinterpretationen
vor dem Hintergrund der jeweiligen gegenwärtigen Realität. Das
bedeutet aber für den vorliegenden Band erst einmal nicht mehr, als
dass es sehr schwer ist, Vorworte zu verfassen, die nicht
abgedroschen klingen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Des
ungeachtet entfaltet der Band in der Folge ein Panorama
biographisch-ideengeschichtlicher Essays um den Politiker und
aufgeklärten Menschen seiner Zeit Robespierre. In lose
biographischer (angefangen mit dem Anwalt aus Arras) Reihenfolge
ordnen die Autor_innen – darunter auch Peter McPhee als einziger
nicht-französischer Historiker – die politischen Ansichten
Robespierres in die Ideen seiner Zeit ein. Ganz nebenbei enthüllen
sie damit auch – und das, ohne vollständig zu sein – die große
Reichweite seiner Interessen. Von der Familienpolitik und Erziehung
über die soziale Frage, die Todesstrafe, die Religion bis hin zum
Krieg und der „Kolonialfrage“ entwickelte Robespierre zu allen
Themen eine Meinung. Oft genug war diese Meinung nicht überbordend
originell und ging kaum über den Standard seiner Zeit und seines
Milieus hinaus. Insbesondere die „weltmännische“ Liberalität
eines Condorcet geht dem Provinzschwärmer Robespierre ab. In manchen
Fällen jedoch zeichnen sich die Ansichten Robespierres durch
faszinierende Kniffe, unerwartete Blickwinkel oder eine überraschende
Modernität aus (mit der hinwieder der Liberale Condorcet nicht
aufwarten kann). </span>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Besonders
spannend fand ich in dieser Hinsicht die Beiträge über die
Todesstrafe (von Jean Bart), den Krieg (von Marc Belissa) und über
die soziale Frage (von Jean-Pierre Jessenne). In all diesen
Bereichen, mehr womöglich als den übrigen Diskussionsthemen der
Revolution (inklusive der Menschenrechte, tut mir leid, das sagen zu
müssen!) entschied sich faktisch Verlauf und Ausgehen der Revolution
und somit, auch wenn das etwas pathetisch klingt, die Geschichte
Europas. </span>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Jean
Bart beginnt seine Ausführungen mit dem rhetorischen Widerspruch,
Robespierre zugleich als Abolitionisten der Todesstrafe, und
gleichzeitig auch als Apologeten der guillotinengestützen
Schreckensherrschaft zu betrachten. Tatsächlich war Robespierre
während der Constituante weder der einzige noch der einflussreichste
Gegner der Todesstrafe. In seinem discours gegen die Todesstrafe vom
30. Mai 1791 finden sich daher viele Gedanken und Beispiele berühmter
Zeitgenossen wieder (worauf der Redner durchaus die Stärke seiner
Argumentation stützt, von denen Bart vor allem den (nicht namentlich
referierten) Mailänder Philosophen Cesare Beccaria heraushebt). </span>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Anderthalb
Jahre nach dieser Rede plädiert Robespierre für den Tod des
ehemaligen Königs. Seine Haltung gegen die Todesstrafe, betont er,
hat er indes nicht aufgegeben. Am 16. Januar 1793 geht er noch weiter
und erklärt, das Gefühl, das ihn dazu bewogen habe, für die
Abschaffung der Todesstrafe zu stimmen, sei dasselbe, das ihm nun
eingebe, in diesem Fall das Todesurteil auszusprechen. Die komplizierte Logik dahinter besteht sowohl für Robespierre als auch
für andere jakobinische Abolitionisten wie Le Peletier, aber auch
für Beccaria, darin, dass es sich um zwei verschiedene Fragen
handelt, die darum auch nicht, wie Condorcet es im Falle des
Prozesses gegen den König versucht hat, in einem Atemzug verhandelt
werden. Die Frage der Todesstrafe ist eine juristische: Ist es dem
positiven Recht gestattet, über Leben und Tod der dem Gesetz
Unterworfenen zu urteilen? Ist es der Gerichtbarkeit gestattet, eine
Strafe auszusprechen, die irreversibel oder, mehr generell, durch
besondere Strenge ausgezeichnet ist? Die Antwort ist ein klares
„Nein“. Die Frage der Verurteilung des Königs (Robespierre
distanziert sich in seiner Rede vom 3. Dezember 1792 sogar von der
Terminologie der „Verurteilung“ oder Rechtsprechung) oder der
„Verdächtigen“ der Schreckensherrschaft ist hingegen eine
politische Frage. Der revolutionäre Staat hat eben noch keine
Rechtsordnung, er befindet sich im Krieg gegen äußere wie innere
Feinde und kämpft um sein Überleben. So gesehen, ist die junge
Republik keineswegs stärker oder stabiler in ihrem Überleben, als
es ein potenzieller Feind ist, insbesondere ist sie nicht mächtiger
als es das Bild des Königtums ist, das Louis XVI repräsentiert. Im
Kampf um Leben und Tod geht es nicht um Rechtsprechung und Strafe,
zunächst nicht einmal um „Gerechtigkeit“, sondern um das „Gesetz
natürlicher Verteidigung“, das Robespierre 1791 dem Rechtsstaat
entgegen gestellt hatte: Töten, um nicht getötet zu werden. </span>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In
der Einstellung Robespierres zu Militär und Krieg teilt Marc Belissa
nach den Epochen vor der Kriegserklärung Frankreichs an den König
von Ungarn und Böhmen im April 1792, von diesem Zeitpunkt bis zu
seinem Eintritt in die Regierungsverantwortung im Juli 1793, und in
sein letztes Lebensjahr. Vor dem zeitgeschichtlichen Hintergrund
macht diese Einteilung durchaus Sinn, äußert sich doch der
Tagespolitiker 1790 anders als 1792 und anders als im Winter 1794.
Dennoch, betont Belissa, bleiben die Ansichten Robespierres
außerordentlich konstant. Diese Konstanten im Denken Robespierres
sind ein hellsichtiges Misstrauen gegenüber einer Berufsarmee, dem
unbedingten Festhalten an den Zwecken und Zielen der Revolution und
die Ablehnung gegenüber Eroberungskriegen. </span>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Seit
1790 fordert Robespierre vor der Nationalversammlung die Einrichtung
einer Volksarmee. Ein Heer ständig bewaffneter Soldaten, das einem
im Grunde unbewaffneten Volk gegenüber steht, argumentiert er, sei
immer ein Mittel der Unterdrückung der Regierung sowie ein Hort des
„Aristokratismus“, denn eine Armee, die der Herrschaft zur
Verfügung steht, beruht niemals auf demokratischen, sondern
autoritären Hierarchien. Was für das Verhältnis zwischen der
Nation und ihrer Armee gilt, soll auch für die Beziehungen zwischen
den Völkern gelten: nicht das Machtgefälle zwischen Eroberern und
Unterdrückten soll zwischen ihnen herrschen, sondern die
„Brüderlichkeit, die die Natur anempfohlen hat.“ (99, meine
Übersetzung)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">In
der Diskussion um den Krieg, die Robespierre nicht als
Berufspolitiker verfolgt, denn er ist Ende 1791 und in der ersten
Hälfte 1792 kein Abgeordneter, nimmt dieser die Gelegenheit wahr,
sich umfassender zur „großen Frage des Völkerrechts“ zu äußern.
Gleichzeitig formuliert er eine Position zum Export der Französischen
Revolution, die, anders als es einige Kritiker behauptet haben, nicht
auf die französische Nation beschränkt bleiben soll. Bekannt ist
die Aussage Robespierres vor dem Jakobinerclub: „Niemand liebt
bewaffnete Missionare“, und tatsächlich kann seine Position
teilweise so wiedergegeben werden. Andererseits jedoch wird
Robespierre nicht müde, an die Interessen der Revolution zu
gemahnen: der Krieg sei die letzte Rettung des Königs, erinnert er
1791. Indem der Schauplatz der Politik vorsätzlich an die Grenzen
des Landes (und über die Grenzen hinaus) verlagert wird, drohen
sowohl die Errungenschaften als auch, wichtiger, die noch nicht
erreichten Ziele der Revolution aus dem Blick zu geraten. Wer die
Feinde der Revolution in Europa bekämpfen wolle, dürfe nicht den
Fehler begehen, die Feinde in Frankreich selber zu übersehen,
wiederholt er. Auch die „Befreiung“ Belgiens erfährt Kritik: in
seiner Zeitung „Le Défenseur de la Constitution“ ruft
Robespierre das belgische Volk „zur Solidarität angesichts ihrer
gemeinsamen Unterdrücker“ auf, „darunter die französischen
Generäle selber“. (103, meine Übersetzung) Wohlgemerkt,
Robespierre bezieht keine pazifistische Stellung, und auch keine der
Nichteinmischung: alle Völker, die den Freiheitskampf aufgenommen
haben, könnten sich auf die Solidarität Frankreichs verlassen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">1793
schlägt Robespierre vergebens vor, in die Verfassung desselben
Jahres eine Formulierung aufzunehmen, die die Solidarität der Völker
und ihre gegenseitige Unterstützung gegen jedwede Unterdrücker
festschreibt. Auch unterstützt er die Bemühungen Barères um
diplomatische Beziehungen zum Ausland. Was den Krieg betrifft, so
soll er so schnell als möglich gewonnen werden, um sich hernach der
innenpolitischen Konsolidierung zuzuwenden. Der „Krieg“ ist für
Robespierre allerdings noch immer derjenige gegen die
Konterrevolutionäre sowohl an den Grenzen als auch im Inland. In
diesem Sinne ist auch die Terreur und ihre Verschärfung im Laufe des
Jahres II zu verstehen. Noch immer lehnt Robespierre Eroberungspläne
der jungen Republik ab, und gerät mit dieser Einstellung in Konflikt
mit Kollegen wie Carnot und Prieur-de-la-Côte-D'Or. Wie ernsthaft
dieser Konflikt war, zeigt sich auch daran, dass Robespierre in
seiner Verteidigungsrede am 8. Thermidor deutlich dazu auffordert,
denn Krieg baldigst „zum Wohle unserer Prinzipien“ zu beenden,
anstatt „sterile Freiheitsbäume auf feindlichem Boden“ zu
pflanzen. </span>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Angesichts
des Misstrauens Robespierre gegenüber dem Militarismus und seiner
Ablehnung militärischer Eroberungen gehört es zu den Ironien der
Geschichte, dass sein wohl erfolgreichtsre Protégé Napoleon
Bonaparte war...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hatte
Robespierre eine geschlossene sozialpolitische Programmatik? Und was
waren ihre Fundamente und Grenzen?, fragt Jean-Pierre Jessenne.
Bereits während seiner Zeit als Anwalt und Akademiker hatte
Robespierre immer wieder die von Rousseau geprägte Position zu
vertreten, nach der materielle Ungleichheit zwischen den Menschen zur
Destabilisierung des Gemeinwesens nicht weniger beiträgt als
Unfreiheit. Über diese bibliographische Meinungsbildung hinaus,
argumentiert der Autor, hat auch die persönliche Erfahrung als
Anwalt armer Klienten gegen mächtige Institutionen (etwa der Abtei
von Anchin im Deteuf-Prozess) wesentlich dazu beigetragen, dass
Robespierre, anders als viele seiner Kollegen, bereits in der
Nationalversammlung kaum eine Gelegenheit ausließ, seine
Verteidigung der Menschenrechte auf ihrer Universalität und explizit
auf ihrer unbedingten Anwendung auf die männlichen Franzosen der
unteren Klassen aufzubauen. Dies geht allerdings über die
Verteidigung eines Prinzips hinaus; tatsächlich wiederholt
Robespierre im Laufe der Zeit oft, dass das oberste Ziel der
Revolution darin besteht, die Rechte des Volkes gegen die Usurpation
seiner Feinde, der „Reichen“ zu verteidigen. Aus dieser
simplifizierten Dychotomisierung, die im Übrigen mit einer
„Quasi-Sakralisierung“ (S. 150) des Volkes und Dämonisierung der
„Reichen“ einhergeht, folgt für die richtigen Revolutionäre der
Kampf gegen das Elend des Volkes. Im Namen der rechtlichen Gleichheit
darauf zu verzichten, die materielle Ungleichheit zwischen oberen und
unteren Klassen zu mildern, ist darum ebenso unrepublikanisch, wie
der Unterhalt der Ärmsten eine Pflicht der Republik ist. </span>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Dennoch
bleibt Robespierre seltsam inkonsequent, wenn es darum geht, die
„Gleichheit der Reichtümer“ zu promovieren. Tatsächlich ist
stets von Ungleichheit und ihrer „Milderung“ die Rede, als sei
die Existenz von Ungleichheit grundsätzlich nicht diskutabel: die
Dichotomie zwischen „Volk“ und „Reichen“ ist offenbar zu
wichtig für die Konsolidierung der Republik, als dass Robespierre
auf sie verzichten könne. So bleibt seine Argumentation durchgehend
an der Oberfläche: eine Art Sozialhilfe, progressive Steuern,
staatliche Schulbildung. Keine Beschneidung des Privateigentums
(außer durch besagte Steuer), keine Einmischung in die
frühkapitalistische Arbeitsorganisation, keine Agrarreform.
Robespierre selber gibt zu, von finanziellen Fragen kaum Ahnung zu
haben und mischt sich darum kaum in die Umsetzung der von ihm
geforderten sozialen Maßnahmen ein. Und in seiner Rede über die
Grundversorgung verleiht er einem ordinären Glauben an die freie
Marktwirtschaft Ausdruck. Eine „Sozialpolitik des egalitären
Liberalismus“ nennt Jessenne daher Robespierres Einstellung. </span>
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<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Das
primäre Interesse Robespierres, den Erhalt der revolutionären
Regierung, trägt indes in den politischen Handlungen Robespierres,
gerade im Jahr II, stets den Sieg vor den sozialpolitischen
Erwägungen davon. Zweifellos hat Robespierre starke sozialpolitische
Überzeugungen, oftmals widersprüchlich, utopisch, nicht selten
dermaßen vormodern, dass sie uns nur mehr ein Kopfschütteln
entlocken. Dennoch, diese Überzeugungen lassen sich in verschiedenen
Reden Robespierres, etwa der zur Erziehung oder dem Entwurf einer
neuen Menschenrechtserklärung (beide 1793), nachvollziehen. Die
Notwendigkeit der staatserhaltenden Machtpolitik der Terreur, die
traditionell gerne, aber nicht ganz richtig, als „Kriegskommunismus“
bezeichnet wird, haben auch diese Überzeugung in den Hintergrund
treten lassen. </span>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Was
bleibt nun nach der Lektüre des knapp 290 Seiten langen Bandes? Drei
Eindrücke herrschen vor: 1. Robespierre hat seinen Ruf als
„Generalist“ wohl verdient, besieht man die Vielzahl der Themen,
zu denen Robespierre nicht nur eine Meinung, sondern eine durchaus
reflektierte, vielschichtige Position vertrat. 2. In vielen Punkten
war diese Position durchaus typisch für seine Zeitenoss_innen, in
anderen Punkten offenbart Robespierre tatsächlich moderne Ansichten.
Manche seiner Überlegungen sind überaus widersprüchlich, andere
brechen vor dem logisch nächsten Schritt abrupt ab. Keine indes
wurde im Laufe der Revolution von Robespierre grundsätzlich in Frage
gestellt.<a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3801954924611978621#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a>
3. Gleichwohl war Robespierre, wie seine Kollegen, bereit, seine
Überzeugungen vorübergehend hintenan zu stellen, um den Fortbestand
der Republik während der innen- und außenpolitischen Krisen zu
gewährleisten. War er bis 1792 unbestechlicher Ideologe der
Demokratie und der Menschenrechte, akzeptierte er danach,
insbesondere nach seiner unfreiwilligen Wahl in den
Wohlfahrtsausschuss, die Rolle des Machtpolitikers. </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></div>
<div id="sdfootnote1">
<div class="sdfootnote">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a class="sdfootnotesym" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3801954924611978621#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym">1</a> Es
gibt jedoch auch Interpretationen, nach denen Robespierre seine
ursprünglich abolitionistische Haltung zur Sklaverei abgemildert
habe. Vgl. Bernard Gainot, „Robespierre et la question coloniale“,
S. 79-94.</span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3801954924611978621.post-42936543482673682252012-11-01T09:55:00.000-07:002013-05-02T11:31:10.121-07:00<h2 style="text-align: center;">
Kleider machen glücklich - immernoch (1811-1820)</h2>
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Teil III der Kleiderserie mit den Jahren 1811 bis 1820. In diesem Jahrzehnt vollzieht sich endgültig der Übergang vom "revolutionären", griechischen Gewand zur höfisch akzeptablen, teilweise raffinierten Robe.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik-pVSvC3EUVxayN29gSX3m5pDiTGwtHEshkql1r8rC_lUY3o9awCvbkw_fQtBmQqLauryK6opfbnXYcx-jMGHoj2U1nt1cvWyoUD3yzaMjIQkUD7TRq8vm7inxU1c2onVPgIlGjgJX8rQ/s1600/Shot+silk+dress+-+1810-13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik-pVSvC3EUVxayN29gSX3m5pDiTGwtHEshkql1r8rC_lUY3o9awCvbkw_fQtBmQqLauryK6opfbnXYcx-jMGHoj2U1nt1cvWyoUD3yzaMjIQkUD7TRq8vm7inxU1c2onVPgIlGjgJX8rQ/s1600/Shot+silk+dress+-+1810-13.jpg" height="320" width="258" /></a></div>
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Ein silber-blaues Seidenkleid, hier in der Rückansicht, von 1810-1813. Es ist mit winzigen dunkelblauen Blümchen gemustert. Die Öffnung befindet sich bei diesem Kleid (und ähnlichen) vorne: Die Brustpartie lässt sich wie ein Latz nach vorne klappen und wird beim Anziehen etwas unterhalb der Schultern an der Rückenpartie befestigt, sowie unterhalb der Brust mit dem Gürtel geschnürt. Eine Art Mieder (vorne geschlossen) ist, ausgehend von der Rückenpartie, eingearbeitet (s.u.).</div>
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Der Rock fällt im Rücken bauschig, was nicht nur durch die Falten gewährleistet wird, sondern zusätzlich durch ein kleines mondförmiges Kissen, das auf Gürtelhöhe in das Kleid eingenäht wird. Ein Überbleibsel des seit dem 16. Jahrhundert modernen "Weiberspeck". [NMA]</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAyUgs-quUXA3t9XAT8PZk3sXYdL5OGybZ1z76uJ0T5MhS8IDpHFlJff9jftZtEHpS-W2wdm0JBzB7UObk-g-kmHjgLuzrgObjPKupm4jtHOvcLTAVQtxFusAYcD1R8PG9cKpg3n3-rloG/s1600/guopfe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAyUgs-quUXA3t9XAT8PZk3sXYdL5OGybZ1z76uJ0T5MhS8IDpHFlJff9jftZtEHpS-W2wdm0JBzB7UObk-g-kmHjgLuzrgObjPKupm4jtHOvcLTAVQtxFusAYcD1R8PG9cKpg3n3-rloG/s1600/guopfe.jpg" height="320" width="250" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1kqmgxjiEsd8lGgF4WZrayWkW9ov2NpTlb4f1kx38rjHtpqa8lNED_0woi4l0nm1pt_9Zwvk61lAAQLBk-Ai9lkPbg1X7zXjZPBzvNWJ7ylamPpLiMhJlswT5bPw-KOgIeyDoGioAiFTm/s1600/1815-15amsilk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1kqmgxjiEsd8lGgF4WZrayWkW9ov2NpTlb4f1kx38rjHtpqa8lNED_0woi4l0nm1pt_9Zwvk61lAAQLBk-Ai9lkPbg1X7zXjZPBzvNWJ7ylamPpLiMhJlswT5bPw-KOgIeyDoGioAiFTm/s1600/1815-15amsilk.jpg" height="320" width="210" /></a></div>
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Dieses beeindruckend schlichte Kleid wurde zwischen 1810 und 1815 in Amerika gefertigt. Der minimalistische Schnitt sollte nicht zu voreiligen Schlüssen veranlassen: Tatsächlich ist dieses Seidenkleid unheimlich elegant, und wird insbesondere in der Rückansicht noch richtig lebendig (s.u.). Auch die Farbe, ein sehr pastelliges Lachs, und die überlangen, vermutlich keulenförmigen Ärmel tragen dazu bei. Sicherlich kein Kleid, das jede tragen kann, aber die richtige Trägerin kann ihm viel Noblesse verleihen. [Met]</div>
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Dieses Abendkleid stammt aus der Zeit von 1813 bis 1817 und wurde aus Musselin gefertigt, die Litzen an Saum und Mieder sind aus Satin. Musselin, ein sehr feiner Baumwollstoff, erfreute sich um 1800 so großer Beliebtheit, dass er sogar einer Krankheit Pate stand, die sich die leicht bekleideten Damen im Winter einfingen. Abhilfe konnte einer der ebenfalls in dieser Epoche en vogue gewesenen Kaschmir-Schals schaffen. Die Trägerin dieses Kleides konnte sich aber wenigstens über lange Ärmel und (offenbar) integriertes Unterkleid freuen. [BFM]</div>
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Ein elegantes Kleid aus der Zeit um 1815. Es handelt sich vermutlich wieder um ein besticktes Gaze-Überkleid mit gleichfarbigem Unterkleid. Die Verzierungen scheinen aus Seide zu sein. Mir gefällt der Lachsfarbton des Kleides. Hier das Mieder en détail:</div>
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... man beachte das zarte Gewebe der Puffärmel. Unverkennbar ist hier aber schon der Übergang zur Biedermeier-Mode: der Rock wird kürzer, man kann vorne schon die Füße sehen, und das Mieder wird auffälliger, opulenter verziert und mit zunehmend ausladenden Ärmeln. Aber noch ist keine Krinoline vonnöten... [MM]</div>
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Ja, auch hier sieht man es: mächtige Oberweiten werden modern. Dieses Baumwollkleid aus dem Jahr 1817 ist vermutlich englisch oder schottisch. Bemerkenswert sind die raffinierten Stickereien und Rüschen am Saum, der relativ breite eckige Kragen und der insgesamt eher schmale Schnitt. [?, gefunden <a href="http://pinterest.com/pin/107593878568055564/" target="_blank">hier</a>]</div>
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Hier sehen wir nun auch einmal einen Spencer in voller Aktion. Das schöne Stück stammt aus dem Jahr 1818 und wurde von Hand aus dunkelblauem Samt genäht und mit Satin besaumt. Hier eine Detailaufnahme: [V&A]</div>
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An diesem Baumwollkleid um 1820 wird der Übergang zur Biedermeierära noch einmal deutlich: das Mieder ist hier zwar vergleichsweise empire-haft gehalten, doch der der breite Gürtel deutet schon an, dass die Taille wieder tiefer rutscht. Vor allem aber fällt der Rock jetzt wieder weiter und ausgestellt. So langsam braucht frau mindestens einen Unterrock... - An diesem Kleid sind insbesondere die interessanten Blumendetails im 3D-Look. Und: von diesem Kleid ist ein langer Ärmel erhalten, es konnte also wohl wahlweise lang- oder kurzärmelig getragen werden. Funktionskleidung... [Met]</div>
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Zu guter Letzt ein Seidenkleid aus dem selben Jahr. Trotz sehr opulenten Dekors ist es eher "Empire" als das vorherige: die Taille sitzt höher, der Rock fällt schmaler. Dennoch ist es wesentlich steifer, kürzer und "konventioneller" als übliche Empire-Kleider und verweist, nicht zuletzt dank Hommage an das Mittelalter im Schnitt der Ärmel, sehr stark auf die Restaurationszeit. Mit gefällt an dieser Robe vor allem die fliederne Farbe, die man zu dieser Zeit noch nicht sehr häufig sieht. (Tatsächlich wurden Farben wie Türkis, Grün oder Violett erst in den nachfolgenden Jahrzehnten populär, als es gelungen war, sie synthetisch herzustellen.)</div>
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Museen: [NMA] National Museum of Australia</div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;">[Met] Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;">[BFM] Bath Fashion Museum</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;">[MM] McCord Museum Montreal</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 20px;">[V&A] Victoria and Albert Museum, London</span></div>
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